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91	Multimedia and e-learning system	ABS-107
DEVELOPMENT OF AI-BASED CLASBOT AS AN INNOVATIVE LEARNING MEDIA IN EAR TRAINING COURSES IN UNIMED MUSIC EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM Uyuni Widiastuti (a*), Herna Hirza (b), Adina Sastra Sembiring (c), Erizon (d) Music Education Study Program, Faculty of Language and Arts, Universitas Negeri Medan Abstract This research is titled Development of Artificial Intelligence-Based Clasbot as an Innovative Learning Media in Ear Training Course at Unimed Music Education Study Program. The designed application, Clasbot, is specially customized to support learning in Ear Training course. The background of this study departs from the conventional method of learning Ear Training, which is by reading block notation and tapping rhythmic patterns available in the textbook. The purpose of this study is to design and develop an AI-based Clasbot as an innovative learning tool in Ear Training courses, and test the validity, practicality, and effectiveness of the Clasbot application. This research uses a Research and Development (R&D) approach by adopting the 4D model developed by Thiagarajan, which consists of four main stages: defining, designing, developing, and disseminating. Data collection was conducted through validity and reliability tests, practicality assessment, and effectiveness testing. Data analysis includes evaluating the validity of the instrument and testing the effectiveness of the application as a learning media. The final product is expected to encourage students to learn more independently and creatively. The results of the development of Clasbot as an innovative learning media show the following: (1) Assessment from material expert validators showed an average of 89.22%, categorized as very valid- (2) Assessment from media expert validators reached an average of 86.88%, also in the very valid category- (3) Practicality according to lecturers obtained an average score of 88.3%, indicating that this application is very practical- (4) Practicality according to students received an average score of 84.39%, which is also categorized as very practical- (5) Learning outcomes in the control class (class A) resulted in an average score of 31.28- (6) Learning outcomes in the experimental class (class B) reached an average of 32.08. From the effectiveness analysis of the Clasbot application, the statistical decision states that H&#8320- is rejected, which means that there is a significant difference between student learning outcomes in the control class and the experimental class. Thus, it can be concluded that Clasbot as an AI-based learning media is effective in improving student learning outcomes in Ear Training courses in the Unimed Music Education Study Program. Keywords: Development- Clasbot- Media- Innovative- Ear Training Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Uyuni Widiastuti)

92	Multimedia and e-learning system	ABS-179
Interactive Multimedia-Based Flipped Classroom Model to Enhance Creativity in Educational Media Technology R. Mursid (a*), Abdul Hasan Saragih (b), Muslim (c) a,b,c) Universitas Negeri Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia Abstract This study aims to develop an interactive multimedia-based Flipped Classroom model to enhance students^ creativity in designing learning in the Educational Media Technology course. This study uses a Research and Development (R&D) approach by adapting the ADDIE model. The research subjects were sixth-semester students of the Mechanical Engineering Education Study Program. Data collection instruments included expert validation questionnaires, observation sheets, and student creativity tests. The results of expert validation showed that the model was declared feasible with a ^very good^ category in the aspects of material, design, and media. The practicality test showed that the model was easy to implement and received a positive response from students. Meanwhile, the results of the effectiveness test showed a significant increase in student creativity indicators, such as originality, flexibility, and elaboration. This model has been proven to be able to create active, interactive learning and support the development of students^ potential in creative thinking. The results of this study recommend the use of the interactive multimedia-based Flipped Classroom model as an alternative innovative learning strategy in teaching educational technology. Keywords: flipped classroom - interactive multimedia - creativity - educational media technology Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (R Mursid)

93	Multimedia and e-learning system	ABS-180
A LEARNING ANALYTICS-BASED EVALUATION MODEL TO IMPROVE LEARNING EFFECTIVENESS IN THE LEARNING OUTCOME EVALUATION COURSE Abdul Hasan Saragih (a*), Harun Sitompul (b), Muslim (c) a,b,c) Universitas Negeri Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia Abstract This study aims to develop a Learning Analytics-based evaluation model to improve the learning effectiveness of the Learning Outcome Evaluation course for students of the Mechanical Engineering Education Study Program. The approach used is Research and Development (R&D) with the ADDIE development model, which includes the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Learning Analytics is applied to digitally collect, measure, and analyze student learning activity data to provide targeted feedback and support instructional decision-making. The research instruments included an expert validation questionnaire, learning activity observations, and student learning log data. Validation results indicate that the developed evaluation model is highly feasible to use. Practicality testing indicates that the model is easy to use by lecturers and students. The effectiveness test results showed significant improvements in learning outcomes, active student participation, and self-reflection skills. This model is recommended as an adaptive and responsive evaluation innovation to the needs of 21st-century learning, particularly in vocational engineering education. Keywords: Learning Analytics - Learning Evaluation - Learning Effectiveness - mechanical Engineering Education Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Abdul Hasan Saragih)

94	Multimedia and e-learning system	ABS-181
A WORK-BASED LEARNING MODEL OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY TO IMPROVE STUDENTS^ EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH SKILLS Harun Sitompul (a*), R. Mursid (b), Abdul Hasan Saragih (c) a,b,c) Universitas Negeri Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia Abstract This research aims to develop a Work-Based Learning (WBL) model in the Research Methodology course to improve the educational research skills of students in the Building Engineering Education Study Program. The approach used is Research and Development (R&D) with the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) development model. This model is designed to integrate workplace experience into the learning process, through research projects based on real-world problems. The research instruments included an expert validation questionnaire, a research activity observation sheet, and a research skills assessment rubric. The validation results indicate that the model is highly feasible for implementation. The practicality test demonstrated a positive response from students to their active involvement in the workplace-based research process. Effectiveness testing demonstrated significant improvements in problem formulation, instrument development, data processing, and research report writing. These results demonstrate that the WBL model is capable of equipping students with applicable and contextual research skills. This model is recommended as an innovative approach to teaching research methodology in engineering education. Keywords: work-based learning - research methodology - research skills - building engineering education Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Harun Sitompul)

95	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-6
Evaluation of Natural Lighting in the Digital Library Building: A Preliminary Study Using Lux Meter from East and West Directions Mirzal Yacub (1*), Irma Novrianty Nasution (2), Meuthia Fadila (3) 1,2,3) The Building Engineering Education Department of Faculty of Engineering of Universitas Negeri Medan, Indonesia 20221 *mirzalyacub[at]unimed.ac.id Abstract This preliminary study evaluates natural daylight intensity entering the reading rooms of the Digital Library at Universitas Negeri Medan from the east and west orientations. Light measurements were taken periodically using a lux meter from 08:00 AM to 05:00 PM over five working days. The results indicate a significant variation in light intensity between the two orientations. Eastern windows exhibited peak illuminance around 09:00-10:00 AM, while western windows reached their maximum around 03:00-04:00 PM. This fluctuation impacts users thermal and visual comfort, with reported warm and glare issues in both morning and afternoon sessions. The findings highlight the need for architectural interventions such as automated blinds or sun-shading devices to optimize passive lighting. This study serves as an early reference for designing daylight-responsive buildings in tropical educational environments, supporting both energy efficiency and user comfort. Keywords: Natural lighting- Lux meter- East and west orientation- Comfort- Digital library Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Mirzal Yacub)

96	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-31
Static Var Compensator Modeling with PID Control to Improve Power Factor Azmi Rizki Lubis (a*), Marwan Affandi (a), Muchsin Harahap (a), Muhammad Akram Haidar Syah (a), Ilham Rizky Ananda (a), Hasan Yanmar Lubis (a), Nadira Alfiyantika (a), Anzila Nada Zahra (a), Michael Sinaga (a) Universitas Negeri Medan Abstract Power factor is a comparison between active power and apparent power which shows a decrease when the proportion of active power becomes smaller than apparent power. Static Var Compensator is a device that can control power factors quickly and efficiently, compensate for changes in load, and improve the quality of electrical power in industry. This SVC requires a control system to be able to adjust the reactive power provided according to load requirements. The formulation of the problem discussed in this research is what is the effect of improving the power factor, how SVC improves the power factor, and how the Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control method works in controlling the reactive power produced by SVC, so the aim of this research is to find out the effect of the improvement power factor, knowing how PID improves power factor, knowing how PID control methods control reactive power. The research results show that improving the power factor by compensating for reactive power causes the apparent power to decrease. The SVC way of improving the power factor is by adjusting the Firing angle of the Thyristor and SVC with the PID control method can get the right Firing angle to improve the power factor with a value of 0.99 even though the load varies. The values from the calculation results with the simulation are not too different, this shows that the simulation is appropriate. By using a capacitor of 0.0163 Farad and an inductor of 0.000623 Henry, the reactive power produced by the SVC can be varied from 0 - 742198.4 VAR. Keywords: Power Factor, Static Var Compensator, Fixed Capacitor-Thyristor Controlled Reactor, Proportional Integral Derivative Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Azmi Rizki Lubis)

97	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-42
Optimization of a Low-Power Inverter for AI-Based Solar Power Systems Using Reinforcement Learning Sukarman Purba (a), Bakti Dwi Waluyo (a*), Wanapri Pangaribuan (a), Selly Annisa Binti Zulkarnain (a) a) Department of Electrical Engineering Education, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, Indonesia. *bakti_dw[at]unimed.ac.id Abstract The rapid growth of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) installations has intensified the demand for compact, high-efficiency inverters capable of maintaining power quality under variable irradiance. This study proposes a reinforcement-learning-driven control strategy for a low-power single-phase inverter that interfaces residential PV arrays with local AC loads. A Deep Q-Network (DQN) agent is trained to minimize total harmonic distortion (THD) and switching losses while tracking a sinusoidal reference under wide-ranging solar conditions. The research follows a two-stage methodology. First, a detailed MATLAB/Simulink model of the inverter-incorporating real PV I-V data and an L-filter-is used to train the DQN offline with experience replay and prioritized sampling. Second, the learned policy is ported to a 32-bit microcontroller and validated on a 500 W hardware prototype fed by a 1 kW PV array and programmable DC source. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed controller achieves a THD of 1.8 % at rated power, outperforming conventional PI (3.9 %) and model-predictive control (2.4 %) baselines. Efficiency improves by 2.7 % owing to optimized switching sequences, and dynamic response time to irradiance steps (800 &#8594- 300 W/m2) is reduced by 35 %. Reliability tests over a 72-hour duty cycle confirm stable operation without thermal derating. These findings indicate that reinforcement learning can deliver high power quality and energy savings in low-power solar inverters, supporting the broader adoption of AI-based control in distributed renewable energy systems. Keywords: Low-power inverter- Reinforcement learning- Solar PV- Total harmonic distortion- Energy efficiency Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Bakti Dwi Waluyo)

98	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-43
Design of a Three-Phase Inverter Using PWM Technique for Induction Motor Applications Wanapri Pangaribuan (a), Bakti Dwi Waluyo (a*), Selly Annisa Binti Zulkarnain (a), Muhammad Aulia Rahman Sembiring. (a) a) Department of Electrical Engineering Education, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, Indonesia. *bakti_dw[at]unimed.ac.id Abstract The rapid expansion of variable-speed drive systems in industrial automation has intensified the need for compact, high-efficiency three-phase inverters capable of delivering precise control to induction motors. This study presents the design, implementation, and experimental validation of a 2 kVA three-phase voltage-source inverter employing sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM) for induction-motor applications. The hardware architecture integrates a high-frequency gate-drive circuit, discrete IGBT power modules, and a DSP-based control platform that executes real-time PWM generation at 10 kHz. A closed-loop speed-control algorithm, driven by incremental encoder feedback, is implemented to enhance dynamic response under load transients. Prototype evaluation was conducted on a 1.5 kW squirrel-cage induction motor across a speed range of 0-1500 rpm. Measured results show a total harmonic distortion in line-to-line output voltage below 4.7 %, inverter efficiency peaking at 95.2 %, and settling time under 80 ms for a 50 % step-load change. Thermal profiling confirms junction temperatures remain within safe limits (< 85 C) after one hour of continuous full-load operation, validating the inverter^s thermal reliability. Comparative analysis with a conventional six-step inverter highlights a 36 % reduction in current THD and a 12 % improvement in motor torque ripple. The findings demonstrate that the proposed SPWM-controlled three-phase inverter offers a cost-effective, high-performance solution for medium-power induction-motor drives, making it suitable for retrofitting existing industrial equipment and supporting emerging smart-factory initiatives. Keywords: Three-phase inverter- Sinusoidal PWM- Induction motor drive- Voltage-source inverter- Harmonic distortion Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Bakti Dwi Waluyo)

99	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-53
THE EFFECT OF SOLAR ENERGY AND FURNACE ON THE CHARACTERIZATION OF PURPLE CABBAGE ON TiO2 /Cu2O SEMICONDUCTORS USING THE DR BLADE METHOD SPIN COATING AS A RENEWABLE ENERGY Abdul Rais, Yuni Warti, Erni Halawa Universitas Negeri Medan Abstract The study looked at layers made of TiO2 Cu2O and FTO using semiconductor materials like diethanolamine, methanol, antimony chloride, and isopropanol. The process that was conducted is the synthesis of TiO&#8322--/Cu&#8322--O using Dr Blade method, spin coating and grinding the materials using a hot plate with a magnetic stirrer for one hour. The process culminated in the extraction of purple cabbage. The purpose of this study was to see the effect of absorbance, wavelength, crystal size structure, morphology, FTIR, and its treatment. Then TiO2, TiO2/Al, and TiO2/Al with Cu2O were calcined at temperatures of 400 C, 500 C, and 600 C. The tests carried out were characterised by UV-vis, XRD, SEM, EDX, and FTIR. The XRD, SEM - EDX, and FTIR analysis results for the TiO2 , TiO2 Al dan TiO2 Al as well as Cu2O Al Cu2O, heated at 400 C, 500 C, and 600 C that showed predicted spectrum results of 127.54, 135.64, and 139.75. In the XRD analysis, the results obtained for each temperature were 400 C, 500 C, and 600 C, with crystal sizes or wavelengths ranging from 65.34 nm to 86.21 nm to 105.21 nm. For the absorbance of the dye, the concentrations used were 6 M:6 M, 6 M:5 M, and 20 M:3 M. Each wavelength and absorbance range from 258 nm to 2.4 au, 235 nm to 2.3 au, and 260 nm to 1.6 au. The results from the UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis showed that the TiO2- Cu2O layer was good at absorbing the purple cabbage dye when exposed to visible light. The change in dehydrolysis temperature shows that heating the TiO2- Cu2O layer impacts how well the solar cells work. The absorbance, wavelength, crystal size, and morphology values are optimal at 400 C and 500 C. Keywords: Semiconductor TiO2/ Cu2O layer, Dye Purple Cabbage, Synthesis, Dehydrolysis, Thin Films FTO. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Abdul Rais)

100	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-62
Condition Based Monitoring for Industrial Control Panel Eka Dodi Suryanto, Marwan Affandi, Sukarman Purba, Muhammad Ashari Universitas Negeri Medan Abstract Industrial Revolution 4.0 era has driven rapid technological developments, especially in the field of the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT allows various devices to connect to each other and share data in real-time, creating great opportunities in industrial infrastructure management. One important IoT application is Condition Based Monitoring (CBM), which is a method of continuously monitoring equipment conditions to detect potential damage before failure occurs. The implementation of IoT-based CBM involves the use of smart sensors that can measure critical parameters such as temperature, voltage, and humidity. The purpose of this study is to design a reliability monitoring system based on the environmental conditions of the industrial control panel- to monitor the amount of electricity on the industrial control panel- to design an industrial control panel monitoring system application based on the internet of things. This study implements 4 types of sensors to monitor the condition of equipment and components on the control panel. Keywords: Please Just Try to Submit This Sample Abstract Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Eka Dodi Suryanto)

101	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-67
ROAD DESIGN WITH DEFLECTION METHOD Syafiatun Siregar, Semedi Napitupulu, Kinanti Wijaya, Hamidun Batubara, Trimailuzi, Universitas Negeri Medan Abstract The road is a means of connecting from one area to another that can be traversed by vehicles. In designing a road, the important thing to do is that it must be supported by optimal road maintenance activities. The condition of the initial damage to the highway is mainly due to the presence of overloaded vehicles passing through the road, planning the quality of the dense traffic pavement layer that does not comply with the requirements, design errors in determining the thickness of the pavement, and inadequate road support facilities (road drainage system). To anticipate road damage, it is necessary to overlay. This research was conducted on the Lolowau - Siwalawa II road, Gunungsitoli City, 10,7 km long. This study aims to design detailed designs according to standardization to increase road capacity. The methodology used adopts the 2017 Highways and AASTHO 1993 planning standards, starting from the stages of LHR collection, deflection analysis (BB), traffic analysis, and deflection analysis (FWD). Calculation of the thickness of the overlay is done by CESA analysis. The results of the analysis obtained are that the width of the road pavement is planned to be 4.5 meters with a total of 2 lanes and the direction of the vehicle lanes is 2 directions with a design life of 10 years. Overlay with 22 cm Lapen pavement and 7 cm thick overburden. Keywords: Road, Pavement, Deflection method Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Syafiatun Siregar)

102	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-70
Biodegradation of PCL/PCLacac Biocomposite with the Addition of Nanocellulose from Rice Straw Waste as Filler in Soil Media Muhammad Yusuf*, Nurfajriani, Rudi Munzirwan Siregar, Muhammad Baghery Rafsanzani, Innayah Wulandari, Wella Apriwidyanti, Nur Anisa Anggita, Irfan Aldi Department of Chemistry, Universitas Negeri Medan, Jl. Willem Iskandar Pasar V, Medan Estate, Medan, Indonesia, 20221 Abstract Biocomposites based on poly(&#949--caprolactone) (PCL) and cellulose have been widely used in packaging, agriculture, materials, and biomedicine. PCL is a biocompatible and flexible polymer that can interact with cellulose. Meanwhile, cellulose is a renewable, environmentally friendly, and abundant natural filler in Indonesia. The combination of the two is expected to produce a material with improved mechanical, thermal, and biodegradable properties. In this study, short-chain synthetic PCL (PCLacac) was used as a compatibilizer in the PCL matrix to enhance its interaction with the hydroxyl groups of cellulose. Next, PCLacac was mixed with a commercial long-chain PCL matrix and nanocellulose derived from rice stalks using a reflux method to form a biocomposite. Next, the biodegradation rate was tested in soil media for 60 days which showed that the addition of 2.5% PCLacac to PCL resulted in the fastest degradation rate. Keywords: biodegradation, biocomposite, PCL, nanocellulose, and soil media Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (muhammad yusuf)

103	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-82
Effect of Moisture Variation on the Compaction Result of Soft Clay Suhairiani Suhairiani(*), Nahesson Panjaitan, Enny Keristiana Sinaga, Samuel Breba Ginting, Rouli Yosabatin Dumohar Hutapea Universitas Negeri Medan Abstract Soil moisture conditions influenced by the rainy and dry seasons have a significant impact on the results of soil compaction in the field. In the rainy season, soils tend to be saturated or near saturated with water due to high rainfall, creating large pore pressures and reducing soil stability. In contrast, during the dry season, the moisture content in the soil is very low, inhibiting the movement and locking of soil particles during the compaction process. This study aims to assess the effect of moisture variation on the compaction results of soft clay soils, specifically by comparing soil strength at the same dry volume weight (&#947-d) value in the dry zone and wet zone. This research method is experimental on a laboratory scale, with stages including soil physical properties testing and soil compressive strength testing. All testing procedures refer to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The results of the research are expected to provide an understanding of the optimal moisture content for effective compaction, as well as its implications for soil strength under different environmental conditions. Keywords: Compaction, Dry volume weight, Optimum moisture content, Soil moisture, Soft clay, Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Suhairiani Suhairiani)

104	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-85
Development of Hybrid Generation Technology Learning Devices in Electrical Engineering Education Agus Junaidi- Adi Sutopo- Janner Simarmata- Yulita Molliq Rangkuti- Rudi Salman- Rahmaniar Universitas Negeri Medan Abstract The rapid revolution of renewable energy systems and the increasing complexity of modern power grids require innovative educational approaches in electrical engineering curricula. This paper presents the development and implementation of a comprehensive learning tool for hybrid generation technology, specifically designed to enhance the quality of learning for undergraduate electrical engineering students. The developed learning tool includes a hybrid generation learning module that integrates multiple renewable energy sources including photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind turbines, micro-hydro generators, and battery energy storage systems (BESS). The educational platform combines real-time monitoring capabilities, advanced power management systems, and grid-tie functionality to provide students with authentic practical experiences. A novel pedagogical framework has been established, combining hands-on experiments with computer-based simulation tools to facilitate in-depth learning of hybrid generation concepts in the learning module. The curriculum integration includes progressive learning modules that cover the basic principles of renewable energy, interactive software simulations allow students to visualize renewable energy generation systems. Validation of the learning tool shows significant results from the assessment results of 5 experts, 87 percent of which are declared valid. Competency assessments showed that students using the hybrid power plant learning device achieved 31% higher scores in renewable energy system design projects compared to traditional teaching methods. Keywords: Hydride Generation Technology, Electrical Engineering Education, Renewable Energy Systems, Learning Tools, Engineering Pedagogy Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Agus Junaidi)

105	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-88
Structural Properties of Gd3+/Eu3+ Double Doped in Calcium Phosphate Glass System Based on ^Huta Ginjang^ Quartz Sand Juniastel Rajagukguk, Jonny H. Panggabean, Juniar Hutahaean, Howard Situmorang, Elyzabeth Simanullang Physics Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of Universitas Negeri Medan, Indonesia 20221 Abstract Quartz sand (Quartz Sand-QS) is an abundant natural material in Indonesia, specifically in Huta Ginjang, North Sumatra Province. This material has great potential as a basic material for the development of glass systems for medical imaging (X-ray imaging) applications. Synthesis and preparation of Huta Kidney quartz sand-based glass medium and di-double doped phosphate glasses with Gd3+ and Eu3+ ions (PoCage) were performed for X-ray radiation scintillator applications. The composition of the glass system follows the chemical formula (15-x) QS-50P2O5-15CaO-10BaO-10gD2O3-xEu2O3 (where x = 0- 0.5- 1.0- 1.5- 2.0 mol.%). Samples were prepared using the melt-quenching technique at a melting temperature of 1300oC and a glass system with good homogeneity and transparency was obtained. The structural properties of the glass medium were observed by using XRD and FTIR to find out the diffraction patterns and clustering of network functions in the glass structure. Based on the results of observations it is known that the quartz sand glass medium of Huta Kidney and calcium phosphate di-double doping with Gd3+/Eu3+ ions (PoCage) has an amorphous structure which indicates that the properties of the medium after doped are intact as glass without any crystalline properties in it. In addition, the FTIR spectrum shows a variety of absorption bands, indicating the existence of functional bonds and clusters in the glass network. Keywords: Glasses system- quartz sand- double doping Gd3+/Eu3+ Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Juniastel Rajagukguk)

106	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-90
Isolation of Bioactive Compounds of Flavonoid Group from Sumatran Frankincense (Styrax benzoin) Which Have Potential as Raw Material for Medicine Manihar Situmorang1, Ruth Jessika Sinaga1, Isnaini Nurwahyuni2, Hendra Simanjuntak3, Marudut Sinaga1, Bajoka Nainggolan1 and Abd Hakim3 1) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, North Sumatera, INDONESIA, 20221 2) Departement of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Bioteknologi No.1 Padang Bulan, Medan, North Sumatera, INDONESIA, 20155 3) departmen of Chemistry, Universitas HKBP Nommensen Pematangsiantar, Jl. Sangnawaluh no 4 Pematang Siantar North Sumatera, INDONESIA, 78383 4) Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, North Sumatera, INDONESIA, 20221 Abstract Abstract: The Flavonoid group as natural polyphenolic compounds produced by plants that have medicinal properties needs to be explored. Sumatran Frankincense (Styrax benzoin) is known as a plant that produces incense resin which contains bioactive medicinal compounds which have been used in various traditional and modern medicines. The bioactive compounds of medicinal raw materials from Sumatran forest plants need to be revealed to increase the economic value of non-timber forests in Indonesia. The research problem is that the composition of the flavonoids contained in the frankincense sap is not yet known, resulting in the selling price of the frankincense sap being relatively low compared to its chemical compound content. The research aims to isolate flavonoid compounds from Frankincense resin as a strategy to confirm the potential of Sumatran Frankincense as a source of bioactive medicinal raw materials. The research stages include isolating, identifying and confirming flavonoid compounds with medicinal potential from the sap of Sumatran Frankincense. Flavonoid bioactive compounds have been successfully isolated from frankincense sap, which is a chemical compound in the form of a yellowish-white crystalline powder, accompanied by an aromatic odor. The chemical properties of one of the identified flavonoid compounds are soluble in alcohol solvents, soluble in hot water, and difficult to dissolve in cold water. while the physical properties have a boiling point of 285 oC and a melting point of 81 oC. Qualitative analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids from the benzoin resin isolate. Screening using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy resulted in flavonoids suspected to be vanillin compounds. Testing of frankincense isolates using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy indicated that the functional groups of the flavonoid group were aldehydes, hydroxyls, and ethers as vanillin compounds. Vanillin compounds have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Further studies are still being carried out to reveal various types of flavonoid chemical compounds contained in frankincense sap to be used as raw materials for medicine. Keywords: Flavonoid- Sumatran Frankincense- Styrax benzoin- Bioactive compounds- Medicinal raw materials Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Manihar Situmorang)

107	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-91
Study of Pedestrian Pathways in the Medan Railway Station Area Based on Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) in Supporting the City Heritage Area Ahmad Zulfikar (a*), Zhilli Izzadati Kahiruni(a),Siti Zulfa Yuzni(a), Kinanti Wijaya(b), Mita Dwi Putri(b) a) Departement of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Medan, Willem Iskandar Road / PSR V Medan Estate. *AhmadZulfikar[at]unimed.ac.id b) Departemen Of Educational Building Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universitas Negeri Medan, Willem Iskandar Road / PSR V Medan Estate. Abstract Economic growth and increasing urbanization in urban areas have led to a surge in motor vehicle use, contributing to air and environmental pollution-including in Medan, which is experiencing similar trends. This growth has resulted in higher traffic volumes in Medan^s city center. In response, the Medan city government has begun planning public transportation systems such as bus rapid transit and railways to support daily mobility needs. As public transportation infrastructure is being developed-particularly around Medan Railway Station-there is a growing need for pedestrian pathways to facilitate smooth transitions between different modes of transport. Therefore, this study focuses on examining pedestrian routes in the Medan Railway Station area through a Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) approach. Using a qualitative descriptive method, the study aims to assess the current condition of pedestrian pathways in the area and evaluate the implementation of the TOD concept to improve mobility between public transport systems while supporting the area^s function as a heritage zone, shopping district, hotel hub, and business center. Keywords: Pedestrian Pathways, Transit Oriented Development, Urban Area Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Ahmad Zulfikar)

108	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-99
Design of Participatory Ergonomics to Promote Occupational Safety and Health Culture in Mechanical Engineering Workshops Hasianna Nopina Situmorang (a*), Yoakim Simamora (b), Banu Nursanni (a), Lisa Melvi Ginting (a), and Manihar Situmorang (c) a) Department of Mechanical Engineering Education, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, North Sumatera, INDONESIA *hasiannanopina[at]unimed.ac.id b) Department of Electrical Engineering Education, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, North Sumatera, INDONESIA c) Department of Chemistry, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, North Sumatera, INDONESIA Abstract The active involvement of workers in creating ergonomic conditions that are appropriate to the conditions of their work environment needs to be supported in improving health, safety and productivity in the workplace. This research aims to develop the design of participatory ergonomics tools to promote a culture of occupational safety and health that is appropriate to the work environment of a Mechanical Engineering Workshop. The research was conducted at the Mechanical Engineering Workshop at Universitas Negeri Medan involving worker respondents related to machining work. Research procedures include analyzing ergonomics needs for machining workshop activities, developing participatory ergonomics tools that are appropriate for workshops in the mechanical engineering environment, standardizing and testing participatory ergonomics tools on a small scale before implementing them widely for academics in the mechanical engineering environment. The initial stage of research has succeeded in designing participatory ergonomics for machinery that can be used as a reference in promoting a culture of occupational safety and health in the mechanical engineering workshop environment. Standardization of participatory ergonomics devices has been carried out and provided a positive response from respondents. The trial phase for the application of participatory ergonomics tools has been carried out on a small scale with workers in machining workshops. The research results show that the application of the participatory ergonomics approach has succeeded in changing the work system of workers in the Mechanical Engineering workshop environment. Several aspects of ergonomics that are of concern to workers include a focus on safety, comfort, ease of use, productivity/performance, and aesthetics related to work in a workshop environment. The application of the participatory ergonomics system has an impact on creating harmony between people and their work in order to increase productivity and reduce risks to safety and health in the work environment. The results of data analysis provide good scores in almost all aspects, indicating that the participatory ergonomics approach is very reliable in achieving occupational safety and health in the mechanical engineering environment. This study is still in the refinement stage as a step to obtain a valid participatory ergonomics design to be implemented on a wider scale to create appropriate ergonomic conditions for workers according to the type of machining work in the Mechanical Engineering Workshop environment. Keywords: Participatory ergonomics, Mechanical Engineering workshop, Work productivity, Occupational Safety and Health, Work productivity Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Hasianna Nopina Situmorang)

109	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-102
Performance Analysis of Green Wall Ventilation Blocks Toward Sustainable Building Design Wibowo, Harry- Yusni, Siti Zulfa- Khairuni, Zhilli Izzadati- Hutauruk, Denny Meisandy- universitas negeri medan Abstract The integration of green wall systems into building envelopes has gained significant attention as a passive design strategy to enhance thermal comfort and promote sustainable architecture. This study presents a performance analysis of environmentally friendly ventilation blocks designed specifically for green wall applications in tropical climates. The ventilation blocks were fabricated using eco-friendly materials, including a mixture of recycled aggregates and natural binders, to reduce the environmental footprint of the building components. Airflow behavior and thermal performance were simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based software to assess their effectiveness in enhancing natural ventilation and indoor air quality. Several design variations of the ventilation blocks were tested to examine the influence of geometry and porosity on airflow rate, pressure drop, and air temperature reduction. The results indicate that certain block configurations significantly improve air circulation while contributing to energy savings by reducing the need for mechanical ventilation. This research supports the development of sustainable building components that align with green architecture principles and offers insights for architects and engineers in optimizing passive ventilation strategies through material innovation and simulation-based design. Keywords: Please Just Try to Submit This Samplegreen wall, ventilation block, sustainable design, passive ventilation, CFD simulation, eco-friendly materials Abstract Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (harry wibowo)

110	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-104
Impact of Solar and Load Uncertainty on Distribution System Performance: A PEM-Based Probabilistic Load Flow Study Erita Astrid-Yoakim Simamora-Muhammad Dani Solihin-Eka Dodi Suryanto-Rudi Salman Universitas Negeri Medan Abstract The integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems into distribution networks introduces variability due to the stochastic nature of solar irradiance and fluctuating load demand. Relying solely on deterministic power flow analysis can lead to inaccurate system assessments under such uncertain conditions. This study presents a probabilistic approach to load flow analysis using the Point Estimate Method (PEM), applied to the IEEE 33-bus radial distribution network. Uncertainty in solar irradiance and load is modeled using normal probability distributions, and PEM is utilized to generate representative scenarios for efficient evaluation. For each scenario, the backward-forward sweep method is employed to calculate voltage profiles and real power losses. The results reveal significant variations in system performance metrics, particularly in voltage regulation and network losses. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is conducted by varying the standard deviation (&#963-) of the uncertain parameters, demonstrating that higher uncertainty levels lead to increased power losses and voltage deviations. These findings underscore the importance of probabilistic methods in enhancing the accuracy of distribution network performance assessments in the presence of renewable energy sources. Keywords: Probabilistic Load Flow (PLF)- Point Estimate Method (PEM)- Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Integration-Distribution Network Performance -Uncertainty Analysis Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Erita Astrid)

111	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-108
Design and Development of a SCADA Based PLC Control System Trainer For Lab Experiments Muhammad Aulia Rahman Sembiring, Denny Haryanto Sinaga, Arwadi Sinuraya, Bakti Dwi Waluyo, Reza Arbi Azizi Lubis Universitas Negeri Medan Abstract The development of modern industry drives the need for graduates with competencies in PLC automation systems integrated with SCADA. However, learning in the Department of Electrical Engineering Education at Unimed is still limited by outdated and insufficient equipment, hindering students from fully understanding programmable automation control. This study aims to develop a SCADA-based PLC automation trainer as a practical learning medium for the Electric Motor Installation and Control Systems course. The product was developed using the Research and Development (R&D) method with the ADDIE model through stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The trainer is equipped with a PLC, HMI, sensors, VFD, and SCADA interface. Validation results showed a feasibility score of 90.2% from material experts and 92.6% from media experts, both in the ^very feasible^ category. User responses also indicated high practicality and usefulness. This trainer is feasible and relevant for supporting practical learning activities. Keywords: Trainer, SCADA, PLC, Automation, Development Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Muhammad Aulia Rahman Sembiring)

112	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-109
Compressive Strength Analysis of Sand and Plastic-Based Paving Blocks Denny Meisandy Hutauruk, Bambang Hadibroto, Ahmad Andi Solahuddin, Novrizaldi Wardana, Sutrisno, Harry Wibowo, Teuku Zawil Faiza, Margomgom Marbun, Jana Jhon Syalom, Hardyka Labistha, Reynando Immanuel Simanjuntak Universitas Negeri Medan Abstract Plastic waste is one of the major environmental pollutants due to its non-biodegradable nature. Utilizing it as an alternative material in construction is a promising solution, particularly as a binder in the production of paving blocks. This study aims to analyze the compressive strength of paving blocks made from a mixture of sand and plastic waste. The manufacturing process involved melting the plastic and mixing it with sand in various mix ratios (1:3, 1:4, and 1:5). Compressive strength testing was conducted in accordance with Indonesian National Standards (SNI). The results indicate that the variation in mix ratios significantly affects the compressive strength of the paving blocks. Certain mix ratios produced optimal strength values that meet or approach the quality standards for light to medium-duty applications. This study demonstrates the potential use of plastic waste as an environmentally friendly alternative binder in paving block production. Keywords: compressive strength, paving block, plastic waste, sand, alternative binder Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Denny Meisandy Hutauruk)

113	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-123
Design of a Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Based Cooling System to Increase the Thermal Efficiency of Solar Panels Denny Haryanto Sinaga, Arwadi Sinuraya, Muhammad Aulia Rahman Sembiring, Dian Putra Saragi, Dito Yudisthira Nugroho, Yusuf Sihombing Universitas Negeri Medan Abstract Keywords: Photovoltaic, Thermoelectric Generator, PV-TEG Hybrid, Surface Heat Recovery, Energy Efficiency, Energy Harvesting. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Muhammad Aulia Rahman Sembiring)

114	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-126
Application of Binarry Firefly Algorithn for Efficient Capacitor Placement and Sizing to Reduce Power Losses Yoakim Simamora, Erita Astrid, Michael Fritz Immanuel , Lisa Melvi Ginting, Agnes Irene Silitonga, Mega Silfia Dewy Universitas Negeri Medan Abstract Optimally placing capacitors in radial distribution networks is essential for reducing real power losses and improving voltage stability, which contributes to the efficiency and reliability of the electrical system. This study introduces a robust method based on Binary Firefly Algorithm (BFA) to identify the most suitable locations and ratings for shunt capacitors. The approach aims to minimize active power losses and keep voltage levels within standard limits, all while complying with constraints such as allowable voltage ranges at buses and permissible capacitor sizes. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is evaluated using benchmark IEEE radial distribution test systems, with the results demonstrating notable improvements in both power loss minimization and voltage regulation compared to traditional methods. ased on the analysis and simulation results, BFA algorithm demonstrated the most optimal performance in reducing power losses in the distribution system. Compared to other algorithms used in this study, Bfa consistently identified the best combination of capacitor placement and sizing that resulted in the lowest total power loss.The effectiveness of BFA lies in its balanced exploration and exploitation capabilities within the solution space, enabling it to find optimal solutions that not only significantly reduce power losses but also improve voltage profiles throughout the system. Furthermore, from an economic perspective, BFA outperforms other methods in terms of net savings, defined as the difference between the energy cost savings due to loss reduction and the investment cost of the installed capacitors. Overall, BFA has proven to be the most efficient and effective approach for optimizing capacitor placement and sizing, delivering superior performance in both technical and economic aspects. Keywords: firefly algorithm, power loss, voltage profil Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Mega Silfia Dewy)

115	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-131
Effects of Protein from Goat Milk Yogurt Enriched with Mung Bean Extract on White Blood Cell Profiles in Rats Hardi Firmansyah (a*), Risti Rosmiati (a), Esi Emilia (a), Kanaya Yori Damanik (a), Zulfa Nur Hanifa (a), Iza Ayu Saufani (a) a) Nutrition Study Program, Unversitas Negeri Medan Jalan Willem Iskandar Pasar V, Medan 20221 *hardigizi[at]unimed.ac.id Abstract Protein intake is essential for white blood cell formation and immune regulation. Goat milk yogurt enriched with mung bean extract, which provides additional amino acids, may affect white blood cell levels, including monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. This study aims to examine the impact of different doses of enriched yogurt on these white blood cell levels in male Wistar rats. Sixteen male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups: P0 (control, no yogurt), P1 (0.0036 ml/g body weight), P2 (0.0072 ml/g body weight), and P3 (0.0108 ml/g body weight). Rats were treated for 21 days, and on day 22, blood samples were collected for serum analysis. The results showed a significant increase in neutrophil, lymphocyte, and basophil counts in the rats receiving goat milk yogurt enriched with mung bean extract, compared to the control group. No significant differences were observed in monocyte and eosinophil counts. Neutrophils and lymphocytes are crucial for phagocytosis and antibody production, and their functions appear to be enhanced by the treatment. Goat milk yogurt enriched with mung bean extract holds potential as a functional food to boost immunity. Keywords: Goat milk yogurt- Mung bean extract- White blood cells Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Hardi Firmansyah)

116	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-141
Analysis of Ground Fault Relay Coordination at The Jelok Hydroelectric Power Plant Using Electrical Transient Analyzer Program Yoakim Simamora, Agnes Irene Silitonga, Mega Silfia Dewy, Erita Astrid Universitas Negeri Medan Abstract Power system protection refers to the measures and devices designed to protect components and equipment within the power system from disturbances and damage. This includes protection against abnormal conditions such as short circuits, overcurrent, and other disturbances that can threaten the safety of the system, equipment, and operators. The purpose of power system protection includes several important aspects, among others equipment Security, protecting electrical equipment such as generators, transformers, and lines from damage due to disturbances, such as short circuits or overloads. Ground fault relay is a protective device used to detect ground faults (leakage current) in electrical systems. When there is a leakage current flowing to the ground, this device will identify the difference between incoming and outgoing currents. If the difference exceeds the predetermined threshold, the relay will function to cut off the electrical flow, preventing equipment damage and reducing the risk of fire or electric shock. The renewal of the overcurrent relay and phase-to-ground fault relay settings in the protection system at hydroelectric power plants jelok is very necessary because there has been no update to the settings since hydroelectric power plants Jelok was established in 1935. Then the coordination between relays can be analyzed using the current versus time plot curve in the ETAP 12.6 program. The relay setting in this study is considered reliable because the curve lies within the safe limits, specifically to the right of the full load current and transformer inrush lines, and to the left of the damage curve line. Keywords: relay, over current, protection, etap Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Erita Astrid)

117	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-153
Flow Characteristics Around Staggered D-Type Cylinders Near a Flat Wall: A 2D Numerical CFD Investigation Jubaidaha (a*), Budiman Nasution (a), Erniwati Halawa (a), Yeni Megalina (a), Suprapto (b), Yopan Rahmad Aldori (c) (a) Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Medan, Indonesia (b) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, State University of Medan, Indonesia (c) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Medan Area, Indonesia (*) jubaidah[at]unimed.ac.id Abstract Fluid flow around cylinder groups is critical in many technologies, with complex patterns arising from interference. D-type truncated cylinders in a staggered arrangement show unique dynamics, making in-depth understanding crucial for engineering applications. This study investigates their low characteristics using 2D Computational Fluid Dynamics. A 2D model was built and simulated with ANSYS Fluent. This 2D approach efficiently explores parameters and analyzes fundamental flow physics, providing a base for future 3D studies. We focused on a trailing edge angle of 36 degrees, chosen for its impact on flow separation and reattachment, vital for designs needing reduced wake effects. Side-by-side and staggered cylinder pairs were analyzed. Quantitative and qualitative analysis included pressure coefficients, velocity profiles, and visualizations of flow patterns and vortex structures. Mesh independence validated the results. This numerical investigation offers crucial insights, optimizing truncated cylinder designs for applications like heat exchangers and offshore structures. Keywords: D-Type Cylinder- Flat Wall- Stagger Angle- CFD- 2D Simulation- Fluid Flow Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Jubaidah Jubaidah)

118	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-155
Optimization of Hole Position Designin Catalytic Converter from Pulp Waste and Rice Husk Ash to Improve Its Performance and Mechanical Properties Iis Siti Jahro1, Putri Faradilla2, Banu Nursanni3, Muhammad Nizam4, Friska Dameria Margareta5, Lesa Octivia Br Sinulaki6 Medan State University Abstract The use of catalytic converters from pulp waste and rice husk ash is one way to reduce pollutants in exhaust gases. This study examines the effect of the design 6, 7, 8 and 9 of hole positions on the catalytic converter toward its performance and mechanical properties. Rice husk ash was converted into zeolite through a hydrothermal reaction. Zeolite X from rice husk ash and pulp waste with a weight ratio of 4:5 was used as a material for making a catalytic converter through a granulation, mixing, molding and combustion process. The results of gas analyzer measurements showed that the 7-hole catalytic converter with a hole position design spread across the surface had the most effective performance in absorbing CO, HC and CO2 gas pollutants of 67.10- 66.24 and 67.80%, respectively. This catalytic converter has mechanical properties of resistance to pressure and temperature of 0.005 MPa and 89 &#8304-C, respectively Keywords: catalytic conventers, zeolite, pulp waste, performance, mechanical properties Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (iis siti jahro jahro)

119	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-156
The Effect of Quenching and Tempering Conditions on The Hardness of AISI 1045, Medium carbon Steel Banu Nursanni- Iis Siti Jahro- Hidir Effendi- Sapitri Januariyansah Mechanical Engineering Education, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia and Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia Abstract In the industrial world, metal is a fundamental material that supports human life and technological advancement. One approach for forming metal is through heat treatment. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of a microstructure of metal and hardness after heat treatment with quenching and tempering. In this investigation, a version of the Heat treatment procedure was utilized, with a temperature of 850 C and a holding duration of 30 minutes, followed by quenching with water, oil, and air and tempering at 400 C, 500 C, and 600 C for 30, 45, and 60 minutes. Hardness testing uses the micro-Vickers Hardness Test method, with 5 sample points and a main load (P) of 50 kgf. The microstructure test revealed density variations in ferrite, pearlite, and martensite crystal grains. Keywords: heat treatment, quenching, tempering, medium carbon steel, hardness Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Banu Nursanni)

120	Sciences, Engineering and Material Science	ABS-161
Optimization of Compressive Strength and Porosity of Porous Concrete with the Addition of Zeolite as a Substitute for Sand and Silica Fume Kinanti Wijaya(a)- Andre Alfama Afrizal Nasution(b*) (a, b) Faculty of Engineering, Universitas negeri Medan, Willem Iskandar Street Psr.V, Medan Estate, Indonesia. *2001andrealfama[at]gmail.com Abstract Porous concrete is a type of concrete designed to allow water to flow through its pores, thereby reducing pooling and increasing water absorption into the soil. However, the use of porous concrete in road paving is still limited due to its low compressive strength. This study aims to determine the effect of adding zeolite as a sand substitute on the compressive strength and porosity of porous concrete containing silica fume. The study used variations in zeolite content of 12.5%, 17.5%, 22.5%, and 27.5% of the weight of fine aggregate, as well as a silica fume content of 7%. The test results show that variations in zeolite addition affect the compressive strength and porosity of concrete. The optimum variation was found at a zeolite content of 17.5% which provides an increase in compressive strength while maintaining a good level of porosity. Keywords: Porous concrete- zeolite- silica fume- compressive strength Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Kinanti Wijaya)

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