Carbon Emissions Quantification from Ceramic Tile Production by Using Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA): A Case Study of PT Sinar Karya Duta Abadi, Indonesia Ransi Pasae *,1 M. Rijal Idrus 2 Hazairin Zubair 3 Darhamsyah 4
1 Environmental Science Program, Graduate School, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
2 Hasanuddin University Centre of Excellence for Climate Change Studies, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
3 Soil Science Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
4 Environmental Management Study Program, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
*e-mail: pasaeransi[at]gmail.com
Abstract
Environmental pollution in the ceramic tile industry is a critical concern, particularly with respect to carbon emissions arising from energy intensive manufacturing processes. The primary objectives of this study were to quantify carbon emissions, identify environmental hotspots, and propose mitigation strategies for ceramic tile production at PT Sinar Karya Duta Abadi, Indonesia. A cradle to gate life cycle assessment (LCA) was employed, using a functional unit of 1 m2 of ceramic tile, based on primary data obtained from company records between January and December 2024. The system boundary encompassed raw material extraction, energy consumption (fuel and electricity), and refrigerant usage up to the factory gate. The carbon emissions were calculated to be 7.3401 kg CO2 eq/m2. The results show that fuel consumption (67.29%) and electricity consumption (30.60%) dominate 97.8% of total carbon emissions. The mitigation scenario by implementing a waste heat recovery (WHR) system is expected to reduce carbon emissions by 20%. These results emphasize the urgent need for technological innovation to mitigate the environmental impact of Indonesia^s ceramic manufacturing sector
Keywords: Carbon Emissions, Ceramic Tile Production, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
