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121	Smart technology for sustainable agro-industry	ABS-22
Real-Time Detection of Rotten Eggs on Android Devices Using Deep Learning and Computer Vision Setiyaki Aruma Nandi*, Citra Mayzahra Putri, Keiza Alfera Hummairo Assyura, Lusi Natalia Nababan, Yusuf Hendrawan Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Brawijaya Jalan Veteran No. 12-16, Malang 65145, Indonesia *Email: setiyaki13nandi[at]gmail.com Abstract Eggs are an essential source of animal protein widely consumed across various sectors, yet their perishable nature and limited shelf life make them vulnerable to quality deterioration. Traditional freshness detection methods such as water immersion, candling, or cracking are often inconsistent, impractical for large-scale use, and may cause unnecessary food waste. This study presents the development of Android-based application utilizing the YOLOv12 object detection model to assess egg freshness in real-time without damaging the shell. The dataset, consisting of fresh and rotten egg images captured using a smartphone camera, underwent preprocessing, manual labeling, and augmentation via Roboflow. The YOLOv12n model was trained in Google Colab, achieving a mean Average Precision at IoU 0.50 (mAP50) of 0.991, precision of 0.944, and recall of 1.0. Deployment was carried out by converting the trained PyTorch model to TensorFlow Lite and integrating it into an Android application developed in Kotlin. Field testing demonstrated high detection accuracy, although minor false positives occurred due to limited dataset diversity, indicating a need for expanded and more varied training data. Compared with conventional methods, the proposed system is more practical, cost-effective, and capable of real-time analysis. This application has the potential to reduce food waste, improve food safety, and support sustainable egg distribution and consumption practices. Keywords: Computer Vision- Deep Learning- Eggs Freshness- YOLOv12 Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Setiyaki Aruma Nandi)

122	Smart technology for sustainable agro-industry	ABS-46
A PROTOTYPE DNA BIOSENSOR-GIS PLATFORM FOR DETECTING BIOCIDE-RESISTANT OIL PALM PESTS: TOWARD SMART AGROINDUSTRY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA Nurul Izzaty Hassan (*), Lee Yook Heng (a), Gan Kok Beng (b), Aida Soraya Shamsuddin (c) & Noorrezam Yusop (d) a) Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia b) Department of Electrical, Electronic & Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia. c) Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative, Institute for Environment and Development, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia. d) Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Information & Communication Technology, Technical University of Malaysia Melaka, Malaysia *Email: drizz[at]ukm.edu.my Abstract The growing threat of biocide-resistant pests such as Tirathaba mundella, a moth species affecting oil palm crops in Malaysia, presents a critical challenge to sustainable agriculture in the region. In response, this study introduces a prototype platform that integrates a DNA-based electrochemical biosensor with GIS mapping to detect resistance against Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a commonly applied biopesticide. The biosensor utilizing Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV targeted cadherin gene mutations in field-collected larvae from Sri Aman, Sarawak, Malaysia with validation via PCR. GIS-based spatial mapping of infestation zones over a four-year period provided early insights into resistance distribution patterns across the plantation. While still in its developmental stage, this system demonstrates the potential of combining molecular diagnostics and geospatial tools to lay the groundwork for future precision pest management in tropical agroecosystems. Beyond Malaysia, this innovation may be extended to other major oil palm-producing countries such as Indonesia, where similar pest challenges exist. By enabling early detection and zone-specific decision-making, the platform offers a pathway to reduce overreliance on chemical inputs and supports the ICGAB 2025 vision for a smart, integrated, and sustainable bioeconomy. Keywords: Biosensor- Bt resistance- Cadherin gene- DNA- GIS mapping- Tirathaba mundella Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Nurul Izzaty Hassan)

123	Smart technology for sustainable agro-industry	ABS-71
Research trends and comparative study of oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber-based biocomposites A Bisma 1, Y Hendrawan 2, S Wijana 1, Sugiono 3 1 Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya Jl. Veteran-Malang 65145, Indonesia 2 Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya Jl. Veteran-Malang 65145, Indonesia 3 Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya Jl. Veteran-Malang 65145, Indonesia Email : audity4bisma[at]gmail.com Abstract This study presents a systematic review and a comparation of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber-based biocomposites to determine research trends and analyze their mechanical properties. Due to limited petroleum supplies and increasing environmental concerns, the utilization of abundant lignocellulosic fibers like OPEFB has become highly relevant. The PRISMA methodology was applied to screen literature from Google Scholar, identifying 52 relevant articles out of an initial 1,660 search results. The analysis of research trends revealed four main categories: hybridization with other natural fibers, hybridization with non-natural materials, the use of OPEFB as a single fiber, and the utilization of OPEFB derivatives. The use of single fibers was the most common approach, but hybridization proved effective in overcoming the inherent limitations of OPEFB fibers. A comparative study of mechanical properties showed significant variations in performance, with proper fiber treatments and manufacturing methods being crucial for improving performance. The top three references were ranked highest due to their data completeness and superior property values. In conclusion, OPEFB fiber-based biocomposites are a promising material for sustainable alternatives. Future research should focus on developing more efficient and standardized fiber treatments and optimizing hybridization to achieve a balance between performance, cost, and sustainability. Keywords: Biocomposites- Fiber- Mechanical properties- OPEFB- Performance- Research trends Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Auditya Bisma)

124	Smart technology for sustainable agro-industry	ABS-114
Private Blockchain for Multi-Echelon Food Supply Chain Traceability: Review, Challenges, and Future Directions Y Pujiastuti1, R Astuti1,3, Y Hendrawan2, S Sucipto1,3,4 1) Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia 2) Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia 3) Halal-Qualified Industry Development (Hal-Q ID), Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia 4) Halal Ecosystem Development (HED) Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia email: yuyunpuj21[at]student.ub.ac.id Abstract Private blockchain technology presents a promising solution for enhancing traceability in multi-echelon food supply chains by improving transparency, data security, and operational efficiency. However, its adoption is challenged by high implementation costs, scalability constraints, and the need for interoperability with existing legacy systems. This review explores the functional potential of private blockchain in enabling secure, end-to-end traceability while identifying key technical and institutional challenges that must be addressed to ensure broader implementation. The main contributions of this review highlight blockchain^s capacity to deliver immutable and transparent recordkeeping, allowing for detailed tracking of food products from origin to consumer. Such capabilities strengthen trust among supply chain stakeholders and mitigate fraud risks through reliable verification mechanisms. Blockchain also facilitates efficient product recall management and safeguards data integrity using cryptographic protocols, ensuring the reliability of information across the supply chain. Nevertheless, implementing private blockchain in complex agri-food networks remains challenging due to the need for significant infrastructure investment, complex system integration, and the need to protect sensitive supply chain data. Additionally, the absence of standardized protocols and clear regulatory frameworks poses barriers to widespread adoption. Future directions, integrating blockchain with emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) should be prioritized to support automated data collection and real-time analytics. The development of standardized protocols, multi-stakeholder collaboration, and supportive regulatory policies will be critical in building scalable, secure, and trustworthy food traceability systems. Keywords: food supply chain- multi-echelon- private blockchain- traceability- transparency Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Yuyun Pujiastuti)

125	Smart technology for sustainable agro-industry	ABS-116
Ontology-Based Framework for Halalan-Thoyyiban Beef Traceability: A Methontology and Global Standards Integration Approach Farah Ramadhiani 1, Aunur Rofiq Mulyarto 2*, Sucipto 1,3 1 Departement of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran Malang 65145, Indonesia 2 Laboratory of Computing and Agroindustrial Systems, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran Malang 65145, Indonesia 3 Halal-Qualified Industry Development (Hal-Q ID), Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran Malang 65145, Indonesia *Email: aunurrm[at]ub.ac.id Abstract Achieving quality, safety, and halalan thoyyiban compliance in beef products necessitates an integrated supply chain traceability system. Existing implementations face challenges from heterogeneous data across multiple stakeholders, including farmers, slaughterhouses, distributors, and retailers. This study develops an ontology-based traceability framework for halalan thoyyiban beef using the Methontology approach, aligned with GS1, ISO 22005, HAS 23000, and OIC/SMIIC 1:2019 standards. Data were collected from key stakeholders in Malang Raya, Indonesia. The resulting ontology, modeled in OWL with Protege, comprises 31 domain concepts and 17 object properties. Core concepts include Animal, HalalCertification, and ColdChainLogistics, while key relationships such as hasHalalSupervisor and meetsThayyibCriteria link production entities to compliance and logistics processes. Preliminary validation demonstrates over 90% mapping accuracy in dataset integration, a 40% reduction in query time, and improved traceability scores in ISO 22005 audits. These findings align with previous agri-food ontology studies, demonstrating the potential to standardize halal traceability data, strengthen compliance monitoring, and enhance the global competitiveness of the halalan thoyyiban beef industry. Keywords: Ontology- Halal traceability- Methontology- Global Standards Integration (GSI) Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Aunur Rofiq Mulyarto)

126	Smart technology for sustainable agro-industry	ABS-126
Characterization of Phosphorus Release from NPK Slow Release Fertilizer Coated with Chitosan MFC Anggi Dwi Octavia (*), Ika Atsari Dewi, Sucipto, Safira Nofavina Fajrihadin, Hendrix Yulis Setyawan, Nimas Mayang Sabrina Sunyoto, Devy Ulandari 1Departemen of Agroindustrial Technology,Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia *Email:anggioctavia4[at]student.ub.ac.id Abstract Slow release fertilizers (SRF) are developed to improve fertilization efficiency and reduce phosphorus (P) losses caused by leaching and fixation in soil, which are common challenges in tropical agricultural systems. Controlling P release is crucial to optimize nutrient uptake by plants while minimizing negative environmental impacts. Chitosan and microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) are biodegradable coating materials with the potential to regulate nutrient release in a controlled manner. This study aimed to characterize the effects of varying MFC concentrations and coating layer numbers on P release, coating thickness, and moisture content of chitosan MFC coated NPK fertilizers. The coating was applied using the dip-coating method with different MFC concentrations (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% w/v) and layer numbers (single and double). Results showed that increasing MFC concentration and layer number increased coating thickness (0.152 to 0.223 mm) and reduced fertilizer moisture content (3.409% to 6.606%). The double coating at 1.5% MFC resulted in the lowest P release 4.82% within 24 hours. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences among formulations, with 1.5% MFC identified as the most effective treatment in controlling P release. These findings confirm that adjusting MFC concentration and coating layer number not only improves the physical properties of the coating but also effectively slows P release, thereby supporting the development of efficient, environmentally friendly, and sustainable NPK slow-release fertilizers for modern agriculture. Keywords: chitosan-microfibrillated cellulose-phosphorus release- slow release fertilizer. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Ika Atsari Dewi)

127	Smart technology for sustainable agro-industry	ABS-127
Characteristics of Slow Release NPK Fertilizer Using Alginate and Modified Microcellulose Akhila Barik (*), Arif Hidayat, Ika Atsari Dewi, Nimas Mayang Sabrina S, Hendrix Yulis S, Devy Ulandari, Muhammad Fadhly Dzikri D 1 Departemen of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia *Email: arifhidayat[at]ub.ac.id Abstract Based on data from PT Pupuk Indonesia (Persero) in 2023, the national need for NPK fertilizer will reach 13.5 million tons per year, beyond Indonesias fertilizer production capacity of only 3.5 million tons per year, while the use of NPK fertilizer is considered less effective because 40-60% of the nutrients are wasted. This is caused by volatilization, leaching and denitrification processes which cause damage to soil structure, environmental pollution and economic losses. Slow Release Fertilizer is an alternative designed to slow down the rate of release of nutrients into the soil thereby increasing efficiency, minimizing environmental pollution and saving fertilizer consumption. Efforts to improve the performance of slow-release fertilizer are made by adding alginate biopolymer because of its biocompatible, biodegradable nature and its ability to form a gel when interacting with calcium (Ca2+). Modified cellulose is added as a reinforcement to increase stability and mechanical strength. The hydrophobic nature of modified cellulose also helps in increasing water resistance. The aim of the research is to analyze the effect and determine the concentration of modified cellulose and c based on the parameters of absorption test, thickness, water content test .The research was carried out in several stages, from making a coating solution from modified alginate and cellulose, applying the coating solution to NPK fertilizer using the dip coating method, soaking the beads in a CaCl2 solution and drying at a temperature of 40 derajat celcius for 24 hours. Keywords: Alginate- Coating- Slow Release Fertilizer- Modified Microcellulose Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Arif Hidayat)

128	Smart technology for sustainable agro-industry	ABS-131
Effect of Microfibrillated Cellulose Concentration and Coating Layers on Nitrogen Release of NPK Slow-Release Fertilizer Safira Nofavina Fajrihadin (*), Ika Atsari Dewi, Nimas Mayang Sabrina S., Anggi Dwi Octavia, Hendrix Yulis Setyawan, Arif Hidayat, Devy Ulandari 1Departement of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Malang 65145, Indonesia *Email:safiraanofa[at]student.ub.ac.id Abstract NPK fertilizers are macronutrients consisting of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), which are required by plants in large quantities. Nitrogen is a key component that plays a vital role in leaf and stem formation and vegetative growth. Inefficient nitrogen uptake can have negative impacts, such as reduced soil fertility, reduced fertilizer efficiency, and even environmental damage. This study utilized carrageenan to produce environmentally friendly SRF and microfiber cellulose (MFC) as a filler. This material has a large surface area and is insoluble in water, thus slowing the release of nutrients in the fertilizer. The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of slow-release NPK fertilizers using carrageenan-microfiber cellulose and the number of layers using the dip coating method. This study used a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two factors: carrageenan-MFC concentration (2%-0%- 2%-0.5%- and 2%-1% w/w) and the number of layers (single and double), resulting in six treatments. Each treatment was repeated three times to obtain 18 experimental units. Tested parameters included nitrogen release, thickness, and water content. The test results were then processed using Microsoft Excel and evaluated using ANOVA using SPSS. The results showed that nitrogen release had a test result of 8.17-9.04%, water content of 3.45-5.44%, and layer thickness of 0.20-0.26 mm. Keywords: Carrageenan-Coating-Microfibrillated Cellulose-Slow Release Fertilizer Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Arif Hidayat)

129	Smart technology for sustainable agro-industry	ABS-143
Automated Robusta Coffee Quality Grading System Based on ESP32-CAM and Computer Vision Masud Effendi 1*, Usman Effendi 1, Imam Santoso 1, Retno Astuti 1, Wayan Firdaus Mahmudy 2, Adrian Sanjaya 1, Tasya Nadhiva Nur Azmi 1 (1) Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya Veteran Street, Malang, Indonesia *Email:mas.ud[at]ub.ac.id (2) Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Brawijaya Veteran Street, Malang, Indonesia Abstract This research aims to develop an efficient and automated robusta coffee bean quality grading system by utilizing the ESP32-CAM and computer vision. Based on the analysis, the You Only Look Once (YOLOv8) deep learning model with image data augmentation proved to be the best solution, achieving superior performance with an mAP@0.5 value of 0.924 and an F1-score of 0.87. The integration of this model with the ESP32-CAM microcontroller module enables wireless image acquisition of coffee beans, which are then transmitted to a computing device for processing. The YOLOv8 model accurately detects and classifies 26 types of physical coffee bean defects according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The results show that this technological combination provides an accurate, consistent, and affordable quality grading tool, overcoming the limitations of manual methods prone to human error and subjectivity. The implementation of this system has the potential to enhance efficiency and product value for coffee farmers and the industry. Keywords: Robusta Coffee- Coffee Bean Quality- YOLOv8- ESP32-CAM- Computer Vision Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Masud Effendi)

130	Waste and environmental management and engineering	ABS-4
Rapid post-landslide vegetation regrowth detected using multi-temporal satellite imagery at Mt. Rinjani National Park, Lombok, Indonesia Novia Lusiana (1)*, Galuh Egalita Adliya (2), Luhur Akbar Devianto (3), Nur Azuan Husin (4) (1) Environmental Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, 65145, Malang, Indonesia (2) Environmental Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, 65145, Malang, Indonesia (3) Environmental Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, 65145, Malang, Indonesia (4) Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *Email: novialusiana[at]ub.ac.id Abstract Landslides frequently produce significant damage to the vegetation ecosystem, consequently reducing slope stability. Monitoring the periods of vegetation recovery following landslide events is crucial for assessing the reestablishment of slope stability. While previous studies have investigated vegetation recovery periods in non tropical regions, limited studies have been conducted in tropical environments such as Indonesia. This study aims to estimate the duration for the full recovery of vegetation after landslide occurrences and to determine the most affecting factors in vegetation recovery in Mount Rinjani National Park (MNRP), Lombok. Landslide areas in MNRP were identified by Google Earth, and vegetation recovery was assessed using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from Sentinel 2 imagery from 2018 to 2024. Elevation, slope gradient, and slope aspects were selected as potential contributing factors in vegetation recovery. Based on linear regression analysis, the results indicate that approximately 6 years are required for full vegetation recovery, shorter than reported periods in non-tropical regions. Decision tree analysis identified elevation as the most contributing factor in vegetation recovery. Elevation of less than 1863 meters with slope gradients less than 18.89 degrees indicates experiencing rapid vegetation recovery. Additionally, slope aspects facing north, south, southern east, and southern west tend to be more conducive to vegetation regrowth. Keywords: Keywords: landslide scars, NDVI, post landslides, vegetation recovery Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Novia Lusiana)

131	Waste and environmental management and engineering	ABS-5
Spatiotemporal estimation of land surface temperature increase due to expansion of built-up areas in Mojokerto Regency in 2017-2023 Novia Lusiana (1)*, Adita Normalitasari (2) (1) Environmental Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, 65145, Malang, Indonesia (2) Environmental Engineering Study Program, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, 65145, Malang, Indonesia *Email: novialusiana[at]ub.ac.id Abstract An increase in Land Surface Temperature (LST) is an indicator of global warming at the local scale and contributes to environmental degradation. The expansion of built-up areas over time is one of the main contributors to the increase in Land Surface Temperature (LST). This study focuses on evaluating the increase in LST across different land use types in Mojokerto Regency from 2017 to 2023 using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) to estimate Land Surface Temperature (LST), and the Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) to develop suitable recommendations for preventing future increases in LST. NDVI, NDBI, and LST were derived from Landsat 8 imagery analysis. A total of 106 and 292 sampling points were selected to represent temperature in build-up and vegetated areas, respectively. The results indicate that a 4.2 percent increase in built-up areas in Mojokerto between 2017 and 2023 led to an average LST increase of 2.33 degrees Celsius and a maximum increase of 4.51 degrees Celsius. The increase in temperature from 2017 to 2023 in vegetated areas is 3.26, 3.25, 4.15, and 4.23 degrees Celsius, in rural, industrial, and urban areas, respectively. The implementation of green walls, reflective roofs, and reflective walls is recommended to address rising air temperatures in Mojokerto Regency, particularly in areas with medium to high building density. This study is expected to serve as a consideration for policymakers in preserving vegetated areas to support sustainable development goals, particularly in combating climate change and its impacts. Keywords: built-up areas, land surface temperature, Mojokerto, vegetated areas Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Novia Lusiana)

132	Waste and environmental management and engineering	ABS-6
Waste-to-Resource Approach: Fabrication of a Sustainable Phosphate Adsorbent from Soybean Hull Residues and Dolomite Dina Wahyu Indriani1,2, Stella Jovita1, Riki Subagio1, Holilah Holilah3, Yatim Lailun Ni^mah1,*, Didik Prasetyoko1 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institute Technology Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia 2Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Veteran Malang, 65144 Indonesia 3Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (BRIN), Cibinong 16911, Indonesia *Email: nikmah[at]chem.its.ac.id Abstract Phosphate pollution in aquatic ecosystems, primarily due to agricultural and industrial wastewater, has raised serious environmental concerns, including eutrophication and the depletion of non renewable phosphate rock reserves. In response, this study presents a waste to resource approach by repurposing soybean hull residues and dolomite to fabricate a sustainable biochar based composite for phosphate adsorption. The composites were synthesized via pyrolysis at varying temperatures (400, 600, and 800 C), which significantly influenced their physicochemical properties and adsorption behaviours. Characterization revealed that pyrolysis at 800 C yielded the highest phosphate adsorption capacity, attributed to the formation of Calcium carbonate and Magnesium oxide phases that enhance phosphate binding. The adsorption performance followed the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo second order kinetics, indicating that monolayer chemisorption is the dominant mechanism. The composite exhibited high structural stability post-adsorption, suggesting its reusability and practical applicability. This study contributes to the development of low-cost, eco-friendly adsorbents from agricultural and mineral waste for sustainable phosphate recovery and water purification Keywords: Dolomite- Phosphate adsorption- Soybean hull- Sustainable water treatment Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Dina Wahyu Indriani)

133	Waste and environmental management and engineering	ABS-12
Analysis of Energy Recovery Potential from Rice Waste and Energy Consumption in Mechanized Rice Cultivation in Malang Regency Wahyunanto A Nugroho*, Dwi Setiawan, Akhmad Adi Biosystem Engineering, Brawijaya University Abstract This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of energy consumption and the potential for energy recovery in mechanized rice cultivation in Malang Regency. It investigates the critical role of agricultural machinery, fertilizers, and pesticides in enhancing productivity across various farming stages. The energy analysis covers the entire cultivation process-from land preparation to harvest-by converting all inputs into energy equivalents.The primary objective is to quantify the total energy input required for rice farming and to estimate the recoverable energy potential from rice waste under mechanized practices. The study employs a quantitative descriptive approach, incorporating interviews, direct field observations, literature review, and numerical calculations. Key data collected include energy requirements for rice cultivation, energy potential from rice biomass waste, and associated carbon emissions. The results show that producing 5.04 tons of rice per hectare requires 17,023.37 MJ of energy. This process also generates approximately 6.8 tons of straw and 1.091 tons of husk per hectare, amounting to a total biomass of 16.8 tons. The energy potential of this waste is estimated at 63,940.94 MJ/ha, consisting of 49,223.70 MJ/ha from straw and 14,717.24 MJ/ha from husks. It is estimated that around 60.5% of the total biomass waste (7.5% from husks and 53% from straw) can be recovered as usable energy. The recoverable energy potential reaches 375.6% of the energy input, exceeding 100% due to the exclusion of free energy sources such as solar radiation, human labour, and irrigation from the energy balance. Additionally, carbon emissions from rice cultivation are estimated at 1.3 tons of carbon equivalent (t Ce) per hectare, or 0.228 t Ce per ton of rice produced. Keywords: energy recovery- agricultural residue- rice- mechanization- carbon emission Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Wahyunanto Agung Nugroho)

134	Waste and environmental management and engineering	ABS-21
Freundlich Isotherm-Based Biosorption of Pb(II) and Cu(II) Using Agro-Industrial Waste-Derived Biochar: Influence of Optimum Operational Parameters and Surface Functionalities Aninda Tifani Puari* Department of Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Andalas, West Sumatera, Indonesia. *anindapuari[at]ae.unand.ac.id Abstract This study evaluated the biosorption performance of biochar (ECH-BC), synthesized from agro-industrial waste, for the removal of Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The biochar was characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and surface area analysis to determine its structural and chemical properties. FTIR spectra revealed prominent hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl functional groups, which exhibited notable shifts and intensity changes after biosorption, indicating their involvement in metal ion binding through complexation and electrostatic interactions. SEM images displayed a highly porous structure with irregular cavities, while EDX analysis confirmed the presence of Pb and Cu peaks post-biosorption, accompanied by a reduction in the relative abundance of native elements such as C and O. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted at varying initial metal concentrations, and the equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The Freundlich model exhibited a higher correlation coefficient for both Pb(II) and Cu(II), indicating that adsorption occurred predominantly on a heterogeneous surface with multilayer coverage. The optimum condition of Pb(II) were 6, 0.15 g, and 180 minutes, while the conditions of Cu (II) were 6.9, 0.05, 134.92, respectively. The enhanced performance is attributed to the biochar^s abundant functional groups and porous morphology, which collectively promote metal ion uptake. These findings highlight the potential of ECH-BC derived from agro-industrial residues as an efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable biosorbent, aligning with circular economy principles and providing a viable approach for heavy metal remediation in wastewater treatment. Keywords: Biochar, Circular economy, Heavy metals, Isotherm, Operational parameters, Removal efficiency Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Aninda Puari)

135	Waste and environmental management and engineering	ABS-41
Development of a Smart Integrated Monitoring System with Electrocoagulation for Ammonia Reduction in Aquaponics Akhmad Adi Sulianto(a*), Rita Parmawati(b), Yasa Palaguna Umar(a), Rachmad Pratama Fauzi(a), Ichi Fiaqi Hamada(a), Ainur Rahmawati(a) (a) Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia *adi_sulianto[at]ub.ac.id (b)Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia Abstract Global population growth and resource limitations have increased the urgency for sustainable food production systems. Aquaponics combines aquaculture and hydroponics, offering 90 percent water savings compared to conventional methods. System effectiveness depends on water quality management, particularly ammonia regulation. Ammonia concentrations exceeding 0.05 mg per L cause physiological stress in aquatic organisms and disrupt nitrification processes. This research develops a smart integrated monitoring system with electrocoagulation technology for ammonia reduction in household aquaponic systems. The system uses stainless steel 316L electrodes at 12 to 24V DC with 2 to 3 cm electrode spacing. Ammonia reduction occurs through electrochemical oxidation, in-situ coagulant formation, and adsorption. The prototype measures 200 cm by 100 cm by 100 cm with five compartments: pre filtration, electrocoagulation, ozonation, sensor, and post filtration. Methodology includes system development, parameter optimization with 15 to 60 minute retention time and 10 to 30 mA per cm2 current density, ammonia elimination efficiency evaluation, and organism growth analysis. Experimental design employs factorial design with 3 replications and ANOVA analysis. The novelty lies in integrating electrocoagulation, ozonation, and smart monitoring for household aquaponic applications. Keywords: Aquaponics- Electrocoagulation- Ammonia reduction- Smart monitoring system- Water quality management Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Akhmad Adi Sulianto)

136	Waste and environmental management and engineering	ABS-42
Effectiveness of Lead Remediation by Self-Immobilized Activated Biochar and Trametes versicolor Composite Pellet Sholatut Tasik Toyyibah, Lathifatun Nabila, Irnia Nurika*, Hendrix Yulis Setyawan Department of Agricultural Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya Jalan Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia *e-mail: irnia[at]ub.ac.id Abstract Lead (Pb) is one of the most toxic heavy metals, frequently accumulating in soil and water bodies due to various anthropogenic activities such as excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, mining activities, transportation, and industrial waste disposal. The accumulation of Pb poses serious threats to environmental quality, ecosystem sustainability, and food security through the food chain contamination. Bioremediation is recognized as an effective and sustainable strategy for environmental restoration. The aims of this study to enhance the Pb biosorption capacity by employing self-immobilized composite composed of white rot fungi Trametes versicolor and activated biochar. Specifically, this study investigates the effect of heavy metal concentrations (50, 100, 150 mg/L) and contact time (1, 2, 3 hours) on Pb removal efficiency. The experiments were conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three factor levels and replications. The findings showed that metal concentration had a significant effect on Pb removal. The highest Pb removal rate (89.39%) was observed at an initial Pb concentration of 50 mg/L with a contact time of 1 hour, while the lowest (74.97%) was obtained at Pb concentration of 100 mg/L and a contact time of 3 hours. The 150 mg/L Pb concentration sample and a contact time of 3 hours resulted the highest pH (3.97). Interestingly, a longer contact time (5 hours) on the same sample produced the lowest pH (3.70). Overall, the research about self-immobilized composite pellets providing a new perspective on efficient and sustainable heavy metal waste management. Keywords: Biochar- Bioremediation- Lead- Self-Immobilization- Trametes versicolor Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Sholatut Tasik Toyyibah)

137	Waste and environmental management and engineering	ABS-43
Effect of H2SO4 Activator Solution Concentration and Pyrolysis Temperature on the Characteristics of Activated Micro Biochar from Sugarcane Bagasse Waste Nimas Mayang Sabrina Sunyoto (a*), Hendrix Yulis Setyawan (a), Sri Suhartini (a), Ika Atsari Dewi (a), Sakunda Anggarini (a), Muhamad Imam Fahurrozi (a), Hariana (b) a) Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya Veteran Street No. 1, Malang 65145, Indonesia b) Research Center for Energy Conversion and Conservation, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia *Corresponding author : nimas.sunyoto[at]ub.ac.id Abstract Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is the main commodity used as raw material for sugar production. National sugarcane production reached 2,271,000 tons in 2023, with East Java as the largest producing province. One of the main wastes from sugarcane milling is bagasse, which accounts for 35-40% of the total weight of fresh sugarcane. Bagasse contains 40-50% cellulose, 20-30% hemicellulose, and 10-25% lignin, giving it high potential for utilization, one of which is as raw material for activated micro biochar. This study aims to analyze and evaluate the effect of pyrolysis temperature and concentration of H2SO4 solution on the characteristics of activated micro biochar from bagasse waste. The study used two factors: pyrolysis temperature with three levels (400, 500, and 600) degrees Celsius and H2SO4 concentration with three levels (1M, 3M, and 5M). The results showed that pyrolysis temperature significantly affected all test parameters, while the concentration of H2SO4 solution also influenced all parameters. The best treatment was activated micro biochar produced at a pyrolysis temperature of 600 and H2SO4 concentration of 5M. This treatment met three of the six parameters of SNI 06-3730-1995, with characteristics of moisture content 2.20%, ash content 13.63%, volatile matter 19.87%, fixed carbon 66.50%, iodine absorbency 721.55 mg/g, methylene blue adsorption 17.94 mg/g with 92.03% efficiency, and particle size 13.604 micrometer. This research supports the potential application of activated micro biochar in wastewater adsorption based on its physicochemical properties. Keywords: Activated Micro Biochar- Bagasse- H2SO4 Concentration- Pyrolysis Temperature Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Muhamad Imam Fahurrozi)

138	Waste and environmental management and engineering	ABS-56
AERMOD-Based Analysis of PM Dispersion from Incinerators at Batu City Aulia Nur Mustaqiman, Nabila Al-Fathikasari, Fajri Anugroho Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Brawijaya University, Indonesia. email: aulia.nm[at]ub.ac.id Abstract The Tlekung Final Disposal Site (TPA) in Batu City operates incinerator units to reduce waste volume through combustion. Although effective, this process generates hazardous emissions, particularly PM, which are known to be carcinogenic and pose serious environmental and health risks. To date, no studies have been conducted to map the dispersion patterns of these toxic compounds around the Tlekung site. This research aims to analyze the distribution patterns of PM pollutants emitted from incinerator, determine the potential exposure levels for landfill workers and nearby residents, and assess the associated health risks. The study was conducted for four months within a 1 km radius of the site. A descriptive quantitative method was employed, utilizing AERMOD software to model the pollutant dispersion. The data used included meteorological, topographical, and emission source information, which was processed to produce isopleth maps illustrating the pollutant distribution. The findings indicate a significant spread of PM emissions from the incinerators into the surrounding areas, with notable health risk potential, especially for residential zones near the site. The results of this study are expected to serve as a scientific basis for local government in formulating waste management policies that prioritize environmental safety. Keywords: PM- incinerator- Tlekung- Disposal Site- Batu Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Aulia Nur Mustaqiman)

139	Waste and environmental management and engineering	ABS-74
Advancing Circular Bioeconomy through Date Palm Waste Valorization: Influence of Variety and pH on Fermentation Performance Akhmad Adi Sulianto*, Elya Mufidah, Bambang Susilo, Dina Aqilla Salsabila, Valensya Shalsabila Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia *Email: adi_sulianto[at]ub.ac.id Abstract The utilization of organic waste with high sugar content offers a sustainable approach to biofuel production. This study investigates bioethanol production from date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) waste via fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, focusing on the effects of pH variation and date variety on ethanol concentration and yield. Five date varieties-Ajwa, Sukari, Bam, Khalas, and Deglet Noor-were fermented at initial pH levels of 4, 6, and 8. Ethanol concentration and yield were evaluated, and the data were analyzed using ANOVA. The results indicated that date variety had a significant effect on ethanol concentration (p < 0.05), whereas pH and the interaction between pH and date variety showed no significant influence. Khalas dates at pH 4 produced the highest ethanol concentration (136 mL), while the highest yields were obtained from Sukari and Ajwa at pH 4 and 8, achieving 37% and 38%, respectively. No factor significantly affected yield (p moe than 0.05- R^2 = 0.315). These findings demonstrate that date variety is a critical determinant of bioethanol production efficiency, while fermentation outcomes may also depend on substrate characteristics, sugar content, microbial strains, and operational parameters such as temperature and fermentation duration Keywords: bioethanol- date palm waste- ethanol yield- pH variation- Saccharomyces cerevisiae Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Akhmad Adi Sulianto)

140	Waste and environmental management and engineering	ABS-75
Biobased Solutions for Environmental Sustainability: From Jatropha Oil to Waterborne Polyurethane Sariah Saalah* Chemical Engineering Programme, Faculty of Engineering, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia *s_sariah[at]ums.edu.my Abstract Conventional polyurethane adhesives and coatings often contain significant amounts of organic solvents, which contribute to environmental pollution and pose health concerns. Growing awareness of these issues, coupled with increasingly strict environmental regulations, has accelerated the shift toward water-based alternatives. Waterborne polyurethane (WPU) systems have gained prominence as they can deliver high performance while significantly reducing volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. In parallel, renewable, non-edible feedstocks are being explored as a viable route toward sustainable materials, aligning with the global drive to integrate agricultural resources into environmentally responsible industrial applications. This presentation highlights the development of bio-based WPUs derived from jatropha oil-based polyols (JOL), offering a renewable alternative to petroleum-derived polyols without competing with food resources. Through chemical modification, jatropha oil was converted into polyols suitable for WPU synthesis, enabling stable, water-dispersible formulations. The resulting jatropha-based WPUs exhibited excellent film-forming ability, mechanical strength, water repellence, and thermal stability, with renewable content exceeding 60%. By replacing solvent-based systems with high-performance, bio-based WPUs, this work demonstrates how renewable resources can be effectively integrated into advanced coating technologies. The approach not only reduces dependence on fossil-derived materials but also contributes to environmental sustainability through lower VOC emissions and increased use of plant-based content. Keywords: Jatropha oil- Polyurethane dispersion- Renewable polyol- Waterborne coating Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Sariah Saalah)

141	Waste and environmental management and engineering	ABS-78
Study on the Capacity of Green Open Spaces to Absorb Carbon Dioxide - Emissions from Anthropogenic Activities in Malang City Fajri Anugroho*, Aulia Nur Mustaqiman, Johann Ananda Kristi Environmental Engineering. Department of Biosystem Engineering. Brawijaya University. Veteran Street, Malang City, East Java, Indonesia 65145 *fajri.anugroho[at]ub.ac.id Abstract The aims of this study were (1) to analyze the relationship between vegetation index and biomass content- (2) determine the potential for anthropogenic emissions produced by Malang City- and (3) knowing the resultant ability of vegetation and potential anthropogenic emissions. This research was conducted using remote sensing from Landsat 8 imagery with the NDVI method. Furthermore, a survey was conducted to measure the biomass content and to determine the ability of vegetation to reduce emissions (SDGs13). NDVI and biomass content have a strong and positive relationship with the variability of biomass content on NDVI of 64%. The calculation of potential anthropogenic CO2 emissions includes the respiratory sector and the transportation sector by multiplying the number of residents and the number of vehicles against the emission factor determination. The potential for anthropogenic emissions of Malang City in 2021 is 1,041,555.43 Tons of CO2 or equivalent to 118,899.02 Kg CO2.hour-1. It is predicted that the anthropogenic emission potential of Malang City will decrease by 7.75% in 2031. The percentage of Malang City vegetation land cover in 2021 is 51.3% of the area of Malang City of 110.06 Km2. The percentage of Malang City vegetation land cover in 2021 is 51.3% of the area of Malang City of 110.06 Km2 and has the ability to reduce emissions of 2,046,928.7 Tons of CO2 or equivalent to 233,667.7 Kg CO2.hour-1.The existing vegetated land cover of Malang City in 2021 is able to reduce the total emissions produced by anthropogenic Malang City. Keywords: SDGs13- Absorption potential- CO2 Emission- Human respiration- Motorized vehicle transportation- Vegetation Index Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Fajri Anugroho)

142	Waste and environmental management and engineering	ABS-82
Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature and KOH Activator Concentration on the Characteristics of Activated Microbiochar from Bagasse Nimas Mayang Sabrina Sunyoto (a*), Hendrix Yulis Setyawan (a), Claudia Gadizza Perdani (a), Ika Atsari Dewi (a), Sakunda Aggraini (a), Hariana (b), Aulin Nadziroh (a) a) Departement of Agroindustrial Technology - Faculty of Agricultural Technology - Brawijaya University. Veteran St. No. 1, Malang 65145, Indonesia *nimas.sunyoto[at]ub.ac.id b) Research Center for Energy Conversion and Conservation, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang 15314, Indonesia Abstract Bagasse is a biomass obtained from the sugarcane milling process. Its abundant availability, reaching 30% to 40% of the weight of fresh sugarcane, along with its high lignocellulosic content, makes it a promising raw material for the production of activated microbiochar. In the context of environmental management, activated microbiochar has high potential as an adsorbent for wastewater management. This study aims to evaluate the effects of pyrolysis temperature and potassium hydroxide (KOH) concentration on the physicochemical characteristics of bagasse derived activated microbiochar and to determine the optimal treatment combination. Activated microbiochar was produced through pyrolysis at 400, 500, 600 degrees Celcius for 1 hour, followed by activation using KOH solutions at concentrations of 2M, 4M, and 6M for 24 hours. The results indicated that both factors significantly influenced all parameters of the activated microbiochar, including moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, iodine adsorption capacity, and methylene blue adsorption capacity. The optimal treatment was achieved in activated microbiochar produced at a pyrolysis temperature of 600 degrees Celcius with 6M KOH activation, resulting 4.75% moisture content, 16.75% ash content, 16.18% volatile matter, 67.07% fixed carbon, 657.24 m2 per gram iodine number, 19.9 m2 per gram methylene blue adsorption, a particle size of 9.19 micrometers, and 12 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) peaks. These findings indicate that pyrolysis temperature and KOH concentration play a crucial role in optimizing microbiochar performance as an adsorbent for wastewater management, while supporting the concepts of green agroindustry and a suitainable bioeconomy. Keywords: Activated microbiochar- Bagasse- KOH concentration- Pyrolysis temperature Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Aulin Nadziroh)

143	Waste and environmental management and engineering	ABS-87
Optimization of Temperature, pH, and Substrate Concentration for Biogas Production from Tofu Wastewater Yusron Sugiarto*, Rahma Auliya Hidayah, Darmanto, Yusuf Wibisono, Wahyunanto Agung N., Ni Matul Izza, Elya Mufidah, Inggit Kresna Maharsih, and Angky Wahyu Putranto Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia *Email: yusronsugiarto[at]ub.ac.id Abstract The increasing energy needs in Indonesia demand the development of alternative energy that is sustainable and environmentally friendly. One potential solution is the production of biogas from organic waste, such as tofu waste. Tofu waste has potential in biogas production because it has a fairly high content of organic matter and theoretically has a methane potential of 61.5%. This study aimed to optimize key parameters (temperature, pH, and substrate concentration) on methane yield using a two-phase anaerobic digestion system. Optimization was carried out through Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Box-Behnken Design (BBD) at the laboratory scale. Experimental treatments included temperature variations (30, 40, and 50 C), pH levels (6, 7, and 8), and substrate concentrations (16.67, 33.34, and 50 g/L). The responses evaluated were methane production rate and cumulative methane yield. Results indicated that the optimal condition was achieved at 30.2 C, pH 8, and 16.67 g/L substrate concentration, resulting in a methane production rate of 99.44 ml/L/day and a cumulative methane yield of 945.42 ml/L, with a desirability index of 0.897. These findings highlight the potential of tofu waste as a sustainable feedstock for renewable energy generation. Keywords: Anaerobic digestion- Biogas- Box-Behnken design- Response surface methodology- Tofu waste Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Yusron Sugiarto)

144	Waste and environmental management and engineering	ABS-98
Avocado Seed Oil-Based Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: Formulation and Stability Bella Amelia, Nimatul Izza* Bioprocess Engineering Study Program- Faculty of Agricultural Technology - Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia *Email: izza_nimatul[at]ub.ac.id Abstract Avocado seed oil contains a high proportion of free fatty acids, predominantly oleic acid, yet its potential for functional applications has not been fully explored. This study investigates the incorporation of avocado seed oil into a lipid-based drug delivery system known as Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC), using avocado seed oil as the liquid lipid and cetyl palmitate as the solid lipid. NLC dispersions were prepared in varying ratios of liquid to solid lipid using the hot homogenization and sonication method, with Tween 80 as a surfactant. Avocado seed oil was extracted via Soxhlet method with n-hexane as the solvent. Characterization of the dispersions included particle size and polydispersity analysis using a particle size analyzer, morphological evaluation through field emission scanning electron microscopy, and physical stability assessment using creaming index and centrifugation tests. The formulation with equal proportions of liquid and solid lipid produced nanoparticles of small size and uniform distribution. Morphological analysis showed that the pure liquid lipid formulation produced spherical particles with even distribution, whereas combinations of liquid and solid lipids displayed mixed or biphasic structures. In terms of stability, the formulation containing a higher proportion of solid lipid demonstrated the best performance, with minimal phase separation and high dispersion stability over time. The results indicate that blending avocado seed oil with solid lipid in an NLC system can enhance both physical stability and desirable particle characteristics, making it a promising approach for developing lipid-based delivery systems that utilize underexplored natural lipid sources. Keywords: Avocado Seed Oil- Cetyl Palmitate- Lipid-Based Delivery- Nanostructured Lipid Carrier- Stability Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Nimatul Izza)

145	Waste and environmental management and engineering	ABS-121
The Effect of Adding Organic Fertilizer Additives on the Microbial Activity of Biofertilizers Muhammad Jabbar Ramdhani, Yatti Sugiarti, Farhan Ilham Wira Rohmat* Agroindustial Technology Education, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Jalan Dr. Setiabudhi No. 229, Bandung 40154, Indonesia *Email: farhanrohmat[at]upi.edu Abstract An environmentally friendly organic agro-input, biofertilizers increase microbial activity and soil quality, thereby improving crop nutrient availability. Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) can be used for biofertilizer production but requires enhancement with various organic fertilizers to increase microbial content. This study aims to explore how organic fertilizer additives could affect the microbial activity on biofertilizer. The experimental design in this study consisted of five treatments, with constant additive proportions (4:1) between SMS and organic fertilizer additives as followings- P0 = SMS (control), P1 = SMS and BSFL compost & frass, P2 = SMS and vermicompost, P3 = SMS and chicken manure composted (CHMC), and P4 = SMS and floral compost. The Total Plate Count (TPC) analysis method was used with 6 dilution levels. The total microbial population was measured on days 7, 14, and 21 after treatment. In general, based on the results, it can be concluded that organic materials used as fertilizer additives can increase microbial populations compared to the SMS control, but this increase depends on the type of organic fertilizer additives used. The highest microbial populations were found in P2 and P4 treatments, while P1 and P3 showed intermediate outcomes compared to P2 and P4 but has better results than the control. Overall, SMS with specific organic fertilizer additives boosts microbial activity in biofertilizers, enhancing soil sustainability and supporting sustainable agriculture. P2 and P4 are the most promising formulas for improving soil health and promoting sustainable agriculture because they have the most significant increase in bacteria. Keywords: Biofertilizers- Organic Fertilizer Additives- Soil Microbial Activity- Total Plate Count Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Farhan Ilham Wira Rohmat)

146	Waste and environmental management and engineering	ABS-123
Interpretable Machine Learning on Sanitation, Water, and Diarrheal Disease in Java Luhur Akbar Devianto1*, Chaterine Hanindya Putri Situmorang1, Putri Setiani1, Kiki Gustinasari1 1) Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture Technology, Universitas Brawijaya Jalan Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia *Email: luhur.devianto[at]ub.ac.id Abstract Diarrheal disease continues to pose a major public health concern in Indonesia, with Java Island being one of the most vulnerable regions due to its dense population and varied environmental conditions that heighten the risk of transmission. This study applies an interpretable machine learning framework to examine how sanitation, surface water quality, and environmental drivers shape the prevalence of diarrheal disease. To achieve this, an integrated dataset was compiled from official and reliable sources, incorporating household sanitation indicators, physicochemical and microbiological properties of surface water, as well as reported case data on diarrheal incidence across districts. Model interpretation was performed using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), which allowed for the quantification of each predictors contribution and direction of influence on disease risk. This analytical approach provides both global perspectives on population-level determinants and localized explanations for high-risk clusters. The findings offer actionable insights to guide interventions in water quality management, improvements in sanitation infrastructure, and the development of climate-resilient public health strategies tailored to regional needs. Keywords: Waterborne pathogens- Feature importance- Data-driven decision support- SHAP analysis- SDGs 6 Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Luhur Akbar Devianto)

147	Waste and environmental management and engineering	ABS-124
Extraction of Baby Java Citrus (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) Peel Using Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) Sylvia Savira , Nimas Mayang Sabrina Sunyoto*, Sukardi, Ika Atsari Dewi, Halimah Hamdani Rusdin, Dinda Agustin Pratiwi Department of Agroindustrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Veteran, Malang, Indonesia 65145 *Email: nimas.sunyoto[at]ub.ac.id Abstract Baby Java oranges are commonly processed into juice, syrups, and candies. This high production generates large amounts of peel, which can cause waste problems if not utilized effectively. The peel contains essential oils valuable for various industries. Traditional extraction methods are slow and can degrade oil quality due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures. Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) offers a faster, more efficient alternative, producing higher yields and better quality oils. This study evaluates the effects of varying microwave power levels and extraction times on the quality of essential oil from Baby Java orange peels. Using a Randomized Group Design, three power levels (100 W, 400 W, and 600 W) and three extraction times (5, 10, and 15 minutes) were tested. Oil yield, specific gravity, refractive index, and color were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Duncan^s Multiple Range Test. Results showed that both microwave power and extraction time significantly affected yield, specific gravity, and color parameters (L, a*, b*) but not refractive index. The interaction between power and extraction time significantly influenced specific gravity and color, but not yield or refractive index. The yields ranged from 1.40% to 4.57%, specific gravity from 1.0353 to 1.0416 g/ml, refractive index from 1.466 to 1.475, L values (lightness) from 13.95 to 21.02, a* values (redness) from 2.46 to 22.00, and b* values (yellowness) from 0.46 to 13.31. Keywords: Baby Java Citrus Peel- Essential Oil- Extraction- Microwave-Assisted Extraction Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Nimas Mayang Sabrina Sunyoto)

148	Waste and environmental management and engineering	ABS-144
Arthrospira Platensis (Spirulina) Cultivated Using Food-Based Industrial Wastewater for Pharmaceutical Application Pavithira Sathinathan1*, Angky Wahyu Putranto2, Rozita Yusoff1, Ngoh Gek Cheng1 1. Sustainable Process Engineering Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia *Email: pavithira1708[at]hotmail.com 2. Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, 65154, Indonesia Abstract Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) is a fast-growing microalgae valued for its high protein content and bioactive compounds like phycocyanin, a blue pigment-protein with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Despite its potential in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, large-scale production is limited by high costs, especially for nutrients. This study addresses these challenges by cultivating Spirulina using nutrient-rich food-based industrial wastewater as a low-cost alternative to chemical media, aiming to lower production costs while supporting sustainable wastewater bioremediation. Three types of food-based industrial wastewater, namely WW1, WW2, and WW3 were each diluted 50% with Kosaric medium and used to cultivate Spirulina. Among these, WW2 achieved the highest biomass concentration (1.93 g/L). The cultivation process also demonstrated effective nutrient removal: ammoniacal nitrogen was reduced by 63.2%, nitrate by 62%, nitrite by 87.6% and total phosphorus by 93.4% for cultivation with WW2. Phycocyanin content and purity from wastewater-grown Spirulina were compared to control samples to evaluate the effect of different media on pigment production. Structural and chemical changes in the biomass were examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). To ensure product safety and quality, phycocyanin extracted from Spirulina cultivated in food-based wastewater underwent toxicity assessments on human cells, along with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity evaluations to validate its pharmaceutical potential. This confirmed the potential of these wastewaters to act as low-cost cultivation media, while simultaneously contributing to environmental sustainability through wastewater bioremediation. Keywords: Spirulina- Phycocyanin- Food-based industrial wastewater- Nutrient removal- Sustainable Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Angky Putranto)

149	Waste and environmental management and engineering	ABS-149
Analysis of the Chemical and Mineral Composition of WWTP Sludge as a Sustainable Construction Material Kiki Gustinasari, Aulia Nur Mustaqiman, Luhur Akbar Devianto, Putri Setiani, Wahyunanto Agung, Tia Dwi Irawandani, Naula Rizak, Karima Aminina Program Studi Teknik Lingkungan, Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, Universitas Brawijaya Jalan Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia email corrspondence: tia.dwi.irawandani[at]gmail.com Abstract The dairy processing industry produces sludge from its Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), which still contains organic and inorganic compounds. Sludge still has potential uses, such as calcium, phosphorus, and silica, which can be used as a substitute for construction materials. This study aims to analyze the chemical and mineral composition of WWTP sludge from dairy factories to assess its suitability as an environmentally friendly alternative construction material. The methods used in this study include X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) testing of the sludge^s mineral composition, non-metallic chemical tests including pH, phosphate, and nitrite, and heavy metal tests including Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Zn. Sample preparation is required. Sludge preparation is oven-dried in preparation for the XRF test. Sludge preparation requires oven-dried preparation for heavy metal testing using an AAS instrument. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the fields of materials engineering and industrial waste management, as well as support more environmentally friendly development policies. Keywords: dairy industry - sludge composition- mineral of sludge- sustainable materials- waste management- WWTPs sludge. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Kiki Gustinasari)

150	Waste and environmental management and engineering	ABS-154
Rainwater Harvesting for Sustainable Water Management at Brawijaya University Dieng Campus: Linking Conservation, and Reuse Luhur Akbar Devianto1*, Ichi Fiaqi Hamada1, Rachmad Pratama Fauzi1 1) Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia * Email: luhur.devianto[at]ub.ac.id Abstract Water scarcity and uneven distribution of freshwater resources remain major challenges. As a higher education institution, Brawijaya University holds strategic potential to pioneer sustainable water management practices aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6: Clean Water and Sanitation. This study investigates the feasibility and impact of implementing rainwater harvesting systems in the campus environment as a means to enhance water conservation, promote water reuse, and reduce dependency on external water supply. The research employs a mixed-method approach involving hydrological assessment of rainfall patterns, estimation of potential harvested volumes, and evaluation of reuse pathways such as sanitation, and landscape irrigation. The socio-environmental benefits are analyzed through the lens of water security, climate resilience, and contribution to SDG targets, particularly increase water-use efficiency and protect water-related ecosystems. Rainwater harvesting can cover a proportion of non-potable water demand, while reducing stormwater runoff and enhancing local aquifer recharge. The study positions rainwater harvesting not only as a technical solution but also as a model of sustainable campus management that integrates conservation, education, and community awareness. Ultimately, this research provides a framework for universities to contribute actively toward achieving global sustainability goals through localized water management innovations. Keywords: water reuse- rain water harvesting- conservation- sustainability- SDG 6 Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Luhur Akbar Devianto)

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