Beyond the Magic of Moringa oleifera: Its Potential to Control Indonesian Serotype of Foot-and-Mouth-Disease Virus Replication through Inhibition of 3-Cysteine Protease Kavana Hafil Kusuma (a), M. Hermawan Widyananda (a), Rahmat Grahadi (a), Jantje Wiliem Souhaly (b), and Feri Eko Hermanto (c*)
a) Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
b) Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman 55281, Indonesia
c) Faculty of Animal Sciences, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia
Abstract
Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) poses a significant threat to livestock worldwide, necessitating innovative approaches to combat its causative agent, the FMD virus (FMDV). On the other hand, Moringa oleifera is a feed alternative for cattles with numerous bioactive compounds. This paper delves into the captivating realm of Moringa oleifera (MO) bioactives and their potential in thwarting FMDV replication by targeting the essential enzyme, 3C Protease (3CP). To elucidate the inhibitory potential of these bioactives, a rigorous investigation involving molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations was conducted. Specifically, the 3CP was modeled based on the amino acid sequence of FMDV Indonesian Serotype. Results showed that most of the compounds from MO outperformed Ribavirin as the standard therapy for FMD. Among them, Baicalin, Chlorogenic Acid, and Rutin have binding affinity -9.1, -8.1, and -8.1 kcal/mol, respectively. Those compounds also formed more hydrogen bonds than Ribavirin through their binding sites. Molecular dynamics simulation also revealed that interaction of 3CP with those compounds had minor influence on its structural stability. The conformation of those compounds is also more stable than Ribavirin, supported by more hydrogen bonds. In summary, this research highlighted the potential mechanism of MO bioactives in preventing severe FMDV infection through inhibition of viral replication.
