Rules, reciprocity and livelihood outcome: A case of nomadic duck herder in South Sulawesi Darmawan Salman (a*), Kasmiyati Kasim (b), Asmita Ahmad (c)
a) Department of Social Economic, Agricultural Faculty, Hasanuddin University, 90245 Makassar, Indonesia
*darsalman1963[at]gmail.com
b) Department of Social Economic, Animal Husbandry Faculty, Hasanuddin University, 90245 Makassar, Indonesia
c) Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin, 90245 Makassar, Indonesia
Abstract
Nomadic duck herders in South Sulawesi have contributed to its development of agriculture that integrates lowland rice and duck livestock. In this integration, ducks contribute to soil fertility through their feces and help control pests because they eat snails and grass pests. On the nomadic duck herder side, this activity is a source of income, the sustainability of which depends on the relationship with the rice field owners, including several rules that apply between them. This study aims to analyze the role of compliance with norms and reciprocity relationships in creating livelihood outcomes. The method used is grounded theory research. Data is collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding. It concluded that compliance with the rules in determining grazing land, schedule for the exit and entry of ducks in rice fields, and good relations between duck herders and local people supported livelihood activities. Also, the reciprocal relationship between duck herder and rice field owner is a factor that influences the livelihood outcome obtained by duck herder.
