Tier 2-Based Inventory of Vehicular CO Emissions in Banda Aceh Using Vehicle Kilometers Traveled T. Robby Irza, Sugiarto Sugiarto, Sofyan M. Saleh, Renni Anggraini, Mariana Mariana, Roudhia Rahma, Tomio Miwa
Universitas Syiah Kuala
Abstract
Air pollution in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, has intensified owing to the widespread use of private vehicles, particularly motorcycles and passenger cars. This problem is exacerbated by outdated vehicle technologies, inadequate infrastructure, and the dominance of high-emission transportation modes. This study aimed to quantify carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from private vehicles across nine sub-districts in Banda Aceh using a Tier 2 emission inventory approach based on Vehicle Kilometers Traveled (VKT) data. Data were collected through a field survey involving 550 respondents using stratified random sampling across the nine sub-districts. CO emissions were estimated using VKT data based on the Tier 2 emission factor. The analysis identified Baiturrahman (410.92 tons/year), Banda Raya (334.79 tons/year), and Lueng Bata (351.12 tons/year) as the top three sub-districts contributing the highest annual CO emissions. Overall, motorcycles accounted for 1,401.40 tons/year, whereas passenger cars contributed 1,157.38 tons/year, resulting in a total CO emission load of 2,558.78 tons/year throughout Banda Aceh. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted environmental policies, cleaner vehicle technology, and improved urban transportation infrastructure. By providing a comprehensive emission profile, this study supports the development of sustainable urban mobility strategies and highlights the critical need for emission reduction to improve air quality.2,558.78 tons/year throughout Banda Aceh. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted environmental policies, cleaner vehicle technology, and improved urban transportation infrastructure. By providing a comprehensive emission profile, this study supports the development of sustainable urban mobility strategies and highlights the critical need for emission reduction to improve air quality and public health.
