How Do Parenting, Parent Education and Family Income Effect on The Cognitive Development of Toddlers?
Yuliana1,2, Afifah Nur Hasanah2, Mentari Larashinda2

1 Department of Cullinary Art, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality, Universitas Negeri Padang
2 Research Center for Food, Nutrition, Family and Community Empowerment, Universitas Negeri Padang

Abstract

Children who are raised in good parenting have the possibility to develop optimally, even though their parents^ education and family income is low. This study aims to analyze the effect of parenting, parental education and family income on the cognitive intelligence of toddlers. This research method is quantitative with a cross sectional study design in 70 families with children under five in Koto Tangah District, Padang City. The sample was determined purposively, namely toddlers, children under five aged 3-5 years, having complete parents and mothers of toddler as respondents in this study. Data on parents^ education and family income were collected using a questionnaire. Parenting data using the HOME Inventory instrument and cognitive development using a standardized questionnaire by the Curriculum Center. The data was processed descriptively and using simple and multiple linear regression analysis with the help of SPSS. The results showed that the care of toddlers was categorized as moderate with an average score of 34.2. The average cognitive development score is 13.7 points (low). Parenting has a significant effect on children^s cognitive development with R-square = 0.726, sig = 0.000. Another factor that significantly influences the cognitive development of toddlers is family income with an R-square value (Adj R-square) = 0.775 (0.747).

Keywords: Keywords: parenting, cognitive development, toddlers

Topic: Universal Quality Education