Coronavirus Emergence & Trajectory: Where and How did COVID-19 Start, and Where has It Spread?
Eka Noneng Nawangsih1, Sayu Putu Yuni Paryati2, Siska Tely Pratiwi3

Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani

Abstract

Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that can cause disease in both animals and humans. The new strain of coronavirus is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus causes coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) and detected in China at the end of December 2019. From the outbreak in Wuhan, the virus took different times to reach the borders of different countries. The sequences of SARS-CoV-2 are mutating and have many variants, both in nucleotides and amino acids. Mutations of SARS-CoV-2 that cause COVID-19 have been observed globally.The D614G mutation, which is increasing in prevalence worldwide and seems to increase infectivity. To date, three key SARS-CoV-2 variants have been identified that are of potential concern. The variant (B.1.1.7 lineage) was first detected in the United Kingdom (UK) in September 2020- the variant (B.1.351 lineage) was first detected in October 2020 in the Republic of South Africa (RSA)- and the variant (P.1 lineage) was first detected in Brazil in December 2020. All mutations, are likely to induce variations in immune responses, which will need to be investigated in potential vaccines or new tests. in addition, these variants are more contagious and some are suspected to cause more severe diseases. A greater number of sequences covering longer periods of evolution, with a more exhaustive representation of different human populations, countries and continents, will make it possible to study these mutations in terms of selection pressure, convergence, adaptation to the human host, virulence, severity and pandemic risk. Further viral genomic tracing and experimental virological analyses are required to characterize SARS-CoV-2.

Keywords: COVID-19, emerged, trajectory, spread

Topic: Covid 19 in Emergency